Anual General Meetings Essays

Anual General Meetings Essays Anual General Meetings Essay Anual General Meetings Essay The undertakings of the gathering/club will be constrained by a council including the Officers and (number) different individuals chose from, and by, the Members of the gathering/club. The notice from the AGM will given by the club secetery ahead of time with the goal that everyone will have a notification to join in. The AGM will have all the reports from officials from the managment commitee and statment of the evaluated acounts. All selections for official jobs will be sent to the secotory of the AGM so decisions will occur at the AGM. Anybody hwo is an individual from the gathering or club has the option to cast a ballot. The majority for AGMs will be (number-generally 25 percent of the enrollment). Inability to accomplish a majority will include the current Officers and General Committee staying in their posts until a majority is achieved at a resulting Annual General Meeting. The AGM has the option to assemble more conferences which are Extra-normal General Meetings. Its obligations include controlling the undertakings of the gathering/club, to keep exact records from the Treasurer, to settle on choices dependent on a gathering and club vote however the seat ought to have the need to choose if there is a tie vote. Control and appeals: If there are any objections against the club then they should be sent recorded as a hard copy to the secetory of the commitee. The managment commitee will meet to tune in to protests inside seven days after the grievance has been seen too. The commitee has the ability to make out any dissiplinary move, for example, end of participation. In regard to the individual who made the complait a reaction ought to be sent back. Its the managment of the commitee who will settle on a choice on what activity to do following quite a while of recieving it structure the secetory.In the occasion of a part being approached to leave his participation, no repayment of Annual enrollment charge will be thought of. Any playing part neglecting to prompt the Captain/Vice-Captain, following choice, of his failure to play, will be dependent upon suspension, at the watchfulness of the General Committee Dissolution: A goals to disintegrate the club must be passed at the AGM/EGM through a lion's share vote structure members. In the occasion of disintegration, any benefits of the club that remain will turn into the property of a govering body or a similer club concentrating on the equivalent objectives.Sportsmatch focuses on improving the cooperation bring about grass-roots and this is their fundamental attraction.It is a sponsership plot focused at fledgling/novice sport oversaw by the Institute of Sports sponcership and supported by the division for Culture, media and game through award aidby sports britain. Sponcership is a typical method of getting reserves. Be that as it may, think what number of individuals demand supports everywhere throughout the world and accordingly it has gotten serious. To get a decent arrangement we need to consider our methodology. Not all sponcers include finanial help. They can offer types of assistance, individual or items in return e.g.- football pack for a football team. Donations Never be frightened of outsiders! There mabye a lot of individuals who will give reserves. Ways we can build our odds of picking up gifts is by understanding the people or associations inspirations for giving to wearing and recreational associations. Grants There are heaps of awards available. First applications can be made to he National Governing body which goes under the unbrella of the WNU. It can give awards to your sports. You can apply to your nearby Local Authority which is Cardiff City Council. This is inside the neighborhood network, this is the primary wellspring of financing for offices, any offices privatly claimed, all territories are locally funded.The manager of the Local Authority offers awards to our nearby communitys.

Free Essays on Drama Paper

Show Paper The Play Andre’s Mother is a case of a loved ones managing a passing. Andre has passed on of AIDS, his mom, beau and boyfriend’s family (Andre’s mother, Cal-Andre’s sweetheart, Arthur-Cal’s Father and Penny Cal’s sister) are accumulated in focal park, they are discharging white inflatables as a symbolistic method of relinquishing Andre. Andre’s mother doesn't talk in the play, in spite of the fact that Cal addresses her finally about how he wishes Andre had revealed to her that he was gay, and how he feels that Andre was concealing his emotions to abstain from harming his mom and furthermore to evade her objection. He likewise talks about his sentiments of sharpness; he feels mad about Andre’s passing and towards Andre’s mother. I accept there are different purposes behind Andre’s mother’s quietness. Most importantly from my understanding she is among outsiders, from what I comprehend she didn't know about the way that her child was gay and had a sweetheart (or that he had AIDS) and along these lines never met Page 1 Cal or his family, she might be feeling defenseless and maybe bashful. She may likewise be in stun has her child only kicked the bucket as well as she has found significant things about his life; additionally she has been informed that he was fundamentally terrified to enlighten her regarding these close subtleties of his life, I accept that she might be feeling harmed by this reality. By Andre’s mother staying quiet all through the play it makes it hard for us to see how she is truly feeling about these disclosures and how she felt about her child by and large. It appears that Cal’s father had a closer relationship with Andre that his own mom did, Arthur even expresses that Andre helped him to comprehend his own child. It likewise appears that Andre’s mother’s quietness permits the different character’s to unreservedly communicate, however it seems weird to me that she didn't have anything to state all through or after Cal’s discourse towards the finish of the pla... Free Essays on Drama Paper Free Essays on Drama Paper Show Paper The Play Andre’s Mother is a case of a loved ones managing a demise. Andre has kicked the bucket of AIDS, his mom, beau and boyfriend’s family (Andre’s mother, Cal-Andre’s sweetheart, Arthur-Cal’s Father and Penny Cal’s sister) are assembled in focal park, they are discharging white inflatables as a symbolistic method of relinquishing Andre. Andre’s mother doesn't talk in the play, despite the fact that Cal addresses her finally about how he wishes Andre had disclosed to her that he was gay, and how he feels that Andre was concealing his sentiments to abstain from harming his mom and furthermore to keep away from her dissatisfaction. He additionally talks about his sentiments of sharpness; he feels mad about Andre’s demise and towards Andre’s mother. I accept there are numerous explanations behind Andre’s mother’s quiet. As a matter of first importance from my understanding she is among outsiders, from what I comprehend she didn't know about the way that her child was gay and had a beau (or that he had AIDS) and in this way never met Page 1 Cal or his family, she might be feeling helpless and maybe modest. She may likewise be in stun has her child only kicked the bucket as well as she has found significant things about his life; additionally she has been informed that he was fundamentally frightened to educate her regarding these private subtleties of his life, I accept that she might be feeling harmed by this reality. By Andre’s mother staying quiet all through the play it makes it hard for us to see how she is truly feeling about these disclosures and how she felt about her child by and large. It appears that Cal’s father had a closer relationship with Andre that his own mom did, Arthur even expresses that Andre helped him to comprehend his own child. It likewise appears that Andre’s mother’s quiet permits the different character’s to uninhibitedly communicate, however it seems peculiar to me that she didn't have anything to state all through or after Cal’s discourse towards the finish of the pla...

Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents

Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents Make Sense of Your Back-to-School CentsBack-to-school season doesn’t have to mean your budget is out the window; take advantage of these helpful money-saving tips.For retailers everywhere, back-to-school season is marked with huge dollar signs. So much so, the National Retail Federation expects spending records to reach more than $80 billion in 2019, according to CNBC.CNBC also reports roughly 43% of parents have felt pressured to overspend during back-to-school shopping. But if maintaining your budget is the goal, there is no reason for that school supply list to totally annihilate your wallet.There are many ways to ensure a hassle free back-to-school season for your family. From preplanning to closet trimming, a little preparation can go a long way.Make a planJust like with grocery shopping, a little list-making can save you from a headache and wallet-ache. When it comes to school supply prep, The Krazy Coupon Lady recommends memorizing the stock-up prices at local stores ahead o f time (or at least jotting them down) so you can make the most of your supply savings. That way you know when to hold off or stock up on things your student might need down the road.The Krazy Coupon Lady has a whole list of prices that indicate it’s time to stock up here.Stick to cashSticking to cash is a way budgeters suggest to keep yourself from overspending because it takes a lot more prep than just swiping a card everywhere you go. The Budget Mom, Kumiko Love, is an all-cash spender. For Love, school supply purchases are something she plans for well in advance.“As an all-cash spender, one of the ways I prepare for back-to-school expenses is by saving early,” she said. “Every month, I set aside a small amount of money into a sinking fund, so when the time comes to get my son ready for a new school year, I have the cash available.”Love’s approach to back-to-school shopping is the same as how many prepare for holiday shopping. Squirreling away a little money at a time adds up quickly and can save the hassle of rebudgeting down the road.Search for savings  The Krazy Coupon Lady also suggests keeping an eye out for coupons both online and in print publications. She specifically advises to watch for coupons in magazines like Parenting, which offer a great selection as the new school year approaches.A few other recommendations via The Krazy Coupon Lady:Sunday newspaper coupons will have a few coupons for school supplies each week.In-store coupons are typically found on the shelves, near the store entrance, or inside of products.Printable coupons for school supplies become available while back-to-school season is in full swing, so warm up your printer!Stay on-listLaurie at The Passionate Penny Pincher suggests only purchasing the things your student will need for the first week until the teacher sends home a more specific list of needed items.“Ive purchased unnecessary school supplies way too many times to count, because I was following the generic supply list put out by the school district,” she said. “While this grade-specific supply list is generally what kids will need for school, its really a collection of items most teachers tend to put on their lists. For the real list of what your childs teachers want them to bring to school, wait until the first week of school when your kiddos will bring home a list that includes more specific items.”Take stock before hitting the storeBefore you head out to shop, take an inventory of what your student(s) have left from the previous school year. Did they use up all of those notebooks, folders, and pens? Is there anything that can weather another school year or at least the first semester? Chances are there are things that can have a second life.When it comes to reusing supplies, Love said, “I gather all of the office supplies, and my sons art supplies, and start grouping like items. If he has an open box of markers, I try to make a full set with other markers that are no longe r in a box. I check things off the list as I sort through the pile so I know exactly what I still need to buy.”A Forbes article advised the same approach as Love. Take stock of everything from clothes to school supplies to make sure you aren’t spending on things you already have on hand.“Im guilty of forgetting unopened packages of socks that got buried at the bottom of an overstuffed drawer,” wrote contributor Janet Berry-Johnson in her article. “Go through the clothing and supplies you have on hand and decide what can be reused this year.” Berry-Johnson went on to suggest donating anything you come across that isn’t needed. Then save the receipt for your 2019 taxes.Sell what you don’t needWith a new school year (and growing kiddos), you usually have a plethora of new clothes to replace the old. If you’ve got a closet full of clothes your student either can’t or won’t wear anymore, why not put their things to good use?Love suggests selling anything your studen t doesn’t need anymore, which is a fabulous way to recoup some of the money you’re spending on their new threads or supplies:“Do a full sweep of your kids closet prior to hitting the clothing store,” she said. “Bring in the clothes that don’t fit to get cash back or in-store credit to help with the cost of the new clothes.”Love also suggests having your kids help with this process to ease the burden of it: “My son loves to be involved in this process because he has a voice on what he wants to keep, what he likes to wear, and I can have him try on clothes throughout the process.”Once you’ve made out with the old and some room for the new, you can put your new back-to-school savings skills to use.For more tips on making the most of back-to-school savings and teaching your kids why they may not need all the newest and coolest back-to-school gear, check out these articles below:6 Genius Textbook Hacks Every Student Should KnowMore on How to Save Money on Back-to-Scho ol SuppliesFinancial Literacy for Kids

Pre-Employment Testing and Screening - 784 Words

The researcher will provide an analysis of why companies should conduct pre-employment testing and screenings. I. Introduction Today, with millions of Americans unemployed and in desperate search for a job, it is the duty of the human resource managers and recruitment specialists to decide which applicants will best fulfill the job positions. These recruitment specialists have a variety of techniques and methods to have the top candidates stand out from the rest of the applicants. One method developed to help speed up the hiring process and to have the best candidate be prominent, is the development of pre-employment tests and screenings. Pre-employment tests are used to screen job applicants and can include testing of cognitive†¦show more content†¦Pre-employment testing can benefit the employer by lower turnover rate, increased sales, and higher customer satisfaction. (Pre-Employment Testing: Whitepaper) II. The Problem While there can be remarkable benefits gained from using testing in the employee selection process, many corporations feel that pre-employment testing is an invaluable tool in the hiring process, especially when the pool of applicants comes in mass numbers as it will take up too much time testing each applicant. Some argue that there are legal issues that can arise if the tests are not valid, reliable, or are improperly implemented. Because employment tests are periodically challenged in courts, The Equal Employment Opportunity, EEOC, and the courts now have strict regulations in place to ensure that any testing is directly related to the position and non-discriminatory. (Quast). The courts are taking the position that the employer should make every effort to ensure that the employee selection process is a smooth and useful practice. Many employers have learned this the hard way. Without pre-employment tests and screenings, companies take the risk of putting an unfamiliar person in c ontact with the other employees, and also may give them responsibilities that may in turn harm the company. Companies today do not realize the beneficial factors that come with pre-employment testing and screenings. They feel as though they have a proper hiring plan and have a well enoughShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking Assignment : Recruitment Case Study913 Words   |  4 Pagesobtained qualified applicants; furthermore ensuring applicants are looked at equally according to employment laws. Affirmative Action Strategy Various factors could potentially affect not only the number of available applicants, but the quality as well. To ensure employment laws are adhered to, an affirmative strategy is strongly encouraged and would include Executive Order 10925 for Equal Employment Opportunity to include main strategies to protect minority groups, whether it is sex, race, religionRead MoreEthical Issues of Genetic Research Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesregardless of individual rights. The practice of genetic screening for profitable purposes illustrates this concept. Insurance companies are increasingly considering using genetic tests to assess the level of premiums that policy-holders must pay based on their genetic risks(Wheale McNally 254). Companies consider this practice appropriate and equate genetic testing with the current requirement of a familys medical history. Genetic testing, however, may lead to false assumptions and unfair premiumsRead MoreThe Impact Of Pre Employment Tests On Children And Public Settings863 Words   |  4 Pagesadopt UIT in order to cut costs of pre-employment test administration while reaching a more diverse pool of applicants. Many selection officials, however, continue to use proctored tests for preliminary screening of applicants. The reasons for some selection officials resistance to adopting UIT has yet to be researched. Perceptions of pre-employment tests Previous research has examined selection officials use and perceptions of various types of pre-employment tests used to measure a variety ofRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing Persuasive Speech1704 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment housing. Currently there is mass debate, in courtrooms across the U.S., regarding the legality and morality of pre-assistance drug testing. This report is intended to familiarize the reader with the history of welfare reform; the histories of drug testing in regards to assistance eligibility; and persuade the audience to vote yes for mandatory pre-assistance drug testing. b) Body b.i) History of Welfare (b.i.1) The first welfare programs originated with the Social Security Act of 1935Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual for employment based on certain criteria† (Employee Selection). Selecting employees that contribute well to the organization will help the organization succeed. Hiring the right person for the job is crucial. Before offering employment to anyone there are certain steps to take. The future employee of the company should have the right skills and job qualifications. â€Å"Good human resource management starts with hiring good employees† (HR Management). â€Å"Pre-employment screening is an essentialRead MoreEssay about Executive Chef Recruitment Plan840 Words   |  4 Pagesform. Pre-Employment Testing Pre-employment testing is a helpful way to determine whether or not a candidate is right for a job. Anyone being considered for an executive chef position should be prepared for drug testing and a detailed background screening, as these are important to ensure that the candidate can be trusted with money, safety, responsibility, and the management of others. Because the position involves money and inventory, as well as personnel management, pre-employment tests thatRead MoreEvaluating The Perceptions Selection Officials905 Words   |  4 Pagespractitioner s decision about whether or not to use a particular employment test, and suggests many of these factors may contribute to the choice of which test administration medium to use. Cost One potential factor contributing to choosing a particular administration technique is cost. The cost of an administration technique includes the implementation costs of obtaining the infrastructure (e.g. computers, test administrators, testing areas) needed to administer the test in a particular way, as wellRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients1526 Words   |  7 PagesBreez Arann Ms. Holiday English 12 11/04/15 Mandatory Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients When the United States’ welfare program was created during the Great Depression, it was meant to temporarily relieve the burdens of the one-fourth of American families who were unemployed, and struggling financially. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act in 1935, then amended it in 1939 to create programs to assist families with unemployment compensation, and to create government agenciesRead MoreWhat Medical Providers Can Do Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Medical Providers Can Do Follow practice guidelines for all patients Genetic testing, or a referral to a genetic counselor, is the standard of routine OBGYN care for women with an increased lifetime risk. As the Pap Smear has screening guidelines and indications, genetic testing must also adhere carefully to evidence-based recommendations. Providers should not endure referral bias. Rather, they should follow the recommendations brought forth by ACOG. Shared decision-making should be used; howeverRead MoreThe Virtual Tryout ( Snell, Morris, And Bohlander1255 Words   |  6 Pagesup to the employer to determine the next steps. One of the steps that a business establishment may introduce to an applicant is a virtual tryout (Snell, Morris, Bohlander, 2016). William Frierson explains, â€Å"The Virtual Job Tryout is a unique pre-employment test that allows those differences to surface in manner that helps recruiters quickly identify the best-fit candidates, and hire a workforce that delivers superior results.† (Frierson, 2012, para. 6). Essentially the virtual tryout is an electronic

Newspaper Article Assignment Julius Caesar - 859 Words

March 16th, 44 B.C.E Roman Republic Times Conspirators kill mighty Caeser Yesterday around noon, Rome witnessed the fall of a mighty leader named Julius Caesar. The conspirators involved in this murder were witnessed by the names of Cassius, Casca, Cinna, Trebonius, Ligarius, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber and Brutus. It was supposed to be an ordinary gathering like any other at the Capitol on March 15th, 44 B.C.E, but things ended up turning out very differently from what was normally expected. It started out with Caesar heading to the Senate house with all of the conspirators surrounding him. Caesar sees the soothsayer and blurts out with arrogance that the ides of March of have come and nothing bad has happened.†¦show more content†¦This attempt quickly failed when she said that his hubris just took over. â€Å"I knew that Caesar should have stayed away from the Senate house yesterday, but I guess his pride just took over his mind, it was just all too much,† Calpurnia sobbed. â€Å"This has turned out to be the most tragic moment in my life and I hope those conspirators kneel to the gods, for they have upset the heavens with the killing of the mightiest leader Rome has ever seen.† It wasn’t just Calpurnia that was upset, Mark Antony, a good friend of Caesar, was completely depressed and raging with anger at the same time. â€Å"Those worthless blocks of stones, how could their hearts be so dark to inflict pain on one of the most generous and good hearted people of Rome,† Mark Antony explains with tears in his eyes. â€Å"They shall suffer great consequences in the near future and only time will tell when their journey will also come to an end.† Some Romans on the other hand believed Caesar’s death was a gift from the gods and portrayed a sign of peace in Rome. â€Å"He deserved his death, he was becoming too conceited,† Cassius, a main conspirator in the murder, explains as he was walking on the streets yesterday evening. Brutus, the leader of the conspirators also felt the same way about Caesar’s death. â€Å"The Gods knew that it was time for Caesar to fall, everything happens for a goodShow MoreRelatedLiterature and South Africa6682 Words   |  27 PagesDECLARATION NAME: Ndumiso Ncube STUDENT NUMBER: 46302522 MODULE NUMBER: THL 2601 ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 02 I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where I have used source material, it is acknowledged in accordance with departmental requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the departmental policy on it. Signature: Ndumiso Ncube Date: 25 March 2013 CHECKLIST Please tick the appropriate (√) | | YES | NO | 1 | I acknowledged all source materialRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6676 Words   |  27 PagesTHL 2601 ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 02 I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where I have used source material, it is acknowledged in accordance with departmental requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the departmental policy on it. Signature: Ndumiso Ncube Date: 25 March 2013 CHECKLIST Please tick the appropriate (√) | | YES | NO | 1 | I acknowledged all source material (study guide, tutorial letter, internet, other sources) used in my assignment. | √ |Read MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pages2200 films. Obviously he did not do the art direction on all of those films, some of them he may have done no more than approve drawings. He did however have complete control over design decisions, the personnel of the department, the assignment of tasks, and the attribution of credit. In the autocratic system that prevailed at MGM Gibbons had complete control. According to the director, Pandro S. Berman, He was the most influential person on the lot except for the ownersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesmake a logical decision, that is, a rational decision. 3. During the rest of the school term, create a journal of pieces of reasoning. Collect examples of reasoning that you find in your own experience. Sources might be web pages, newspaper or TV ads, magazine articles, conversations, books, and so on. Cut out, photocopy, or write up each example on a regular-size page (8.5 x 11 inches). Below each example (or on an accompanying page) identify where the reasoning came from, including page numberRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthought and practice over the course of more than four decades is Michael Bromwich. Bromwich, who is about to retire as CIMA Professor of Accounting and Financial Management at London School of Economics (LSE), has published over eighty papers and articles and some Wfteen books and monographs. His primary contribution as a scholar has been his ability to apply economic theory to problems of accounting practice, thereby informing our understanding of the Weld. He wrote The Economics of Capital Budgeting

Proper Role of Government Free Essays

Describe the government and domestic environment of the country where your company is headquartered, then describe the international environment. Outline what organizations you may be associated with. (Example; WTO, OPEC, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Role of Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Examine the 1st  country of International growth you outlined in your 10 year vision. Why did you strategically select that country? In what ways will your company contribute to the foreign country’s economic development? Are there any political concerns associated with expansion into this country? Why or why not? How do you plan to develop a good working relationship with the foreign country? Government Regulation on Media in America iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/government-regulation-on-media-in-america/embed/#?secret=ApVRFHEcaK" data-secret="ApVRFHEcaK" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Government Regulation on Media in America#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Put together a SWOT analysis for your company. (This is considered an exhibit) Put together a PEST Analysis (exhibit) for the country you identified as the country into which your initial global expansion will take place. While maintaining its relationship with the United States, Japan has diversified and expanded ties with other nations. Having good relations with its neighbors can be a vital interest. Japan extended significant economic assistance to the Chinese in various modernization projects and supported Chinese membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). AIG† Japan contains in depth information and data about the company and its operations. The company contains an overview, business description, financial ratios, SWOT analysis, key competitors, key facts, key employees, locations and branches as well as information on products and services. The SWOT analysis the company profile can be crucial for the industry executives and anyone looking to gain a better understa nding of the company’s business. So, the SWOT Analysis utilizes a wide range of primary and secondary sources. As learned from reading the chapters and from the PowerPoint slides, SWOT is an abbreviation for the internal Strengths and Weaknesses of a firm and the environmental Opportunities and Treats facing that firm. SWOT analysis is a widely used technique through which managers create a quick overview of a company’s strategic situation. The technique is based on the traditions that an effective strategy derives from a sound â€Å"fit† between a firm’s internal resources (strengths and weaknesses) and its external situation (opportunities and treats). A good fit maximizes a firm’s strengths and opportunities and minimizes its weaknesses and threats. Accurately applied, this simple assumption has powerful implications for the design of successful strategy. AIG (American International Group) is one of the world’s leading insurance and financial services organizations, with operations in more than 130 countries. With a market capitalization of like $200 billion, AIG is like in the top ten most company in the world. AIG’s subsidiaries are leading providers of retirement services, financial services and asset management around the world. The group was the second largest insurance group in the world after China Life Insurance. SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Location| Types of Factor| | Favorable| Unfavorable| Internal| Strength * Global leading provider of financial services * Expanding global reach * Diversified product portfolio and new product development * Corporate advertising and brand building sponsorships| Weaknesses * US residential mortgage market exposure * History of regulatory investigations * Declining cost efficiencies | External | Opportunities * Acquisitions * Growth in asset management industry| Threats * US recession and volatility in financial markets * Industry consolidation| Japan has faced a number of external challenges over the long term, most of which relate to the rising importance of China and the associated threat to Japan’s pre-eminent political and economic position in the Asia region. The country’s long-term outlook is also strongly influenced by its demographics. Current trends indicate that the rate of decline in the working-age population will outpace that in the population as a whole. On the positive side, in 2021-30 Japan will see an increase in its rate of GDP growth per head to 1. 7% a year, from around 1% a year in the first two decades of the century. Productivity growth will also accelerate in the latter part of the long-term forecast period. The environment has some current issues with the air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life. Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber. | 2012-20| 2021-30| 2012-30| Growth and productivity (% change; annual av)| Growth of real GDP per head| 1. 5| 1. 7| 1. 6| Growth of real GDP| 1. 0| 1. 0| 1. 0| Labour productivity growth| 1. 9| 1. 8| 1. 8| How to cite Proper Role of Government, Papers

Price Discrimination in Health Care Essay Example

Price Discrimination in Health Care Paper Abstract The price of health care can vary dramatically depending on insurance coverage, and whether the care received was in network, out of network, government funded, or self-pay (Miller, 2012). Price discrimination is used by many industries such as airlines, hotels, and grocery stores with rewards for frequent users, or higher price for convenience or last minute reservations (Tiemstra, 2006). However, efficiency and fairness demand that new ways should be found to avoid price discrimination in health care in order to ensure patients equal access to care and economic justice. Uninsured or self-pay patients should not be charged rates significantly higher than those with Medicare, Medicaid, or insurance. Prices for health care should also be more transparent to allow patients to accurately shop for best prices and values in health care. Imagine a system in which you go to the grocery store and are told that the price you must pay for your groceries is dependent on whether you have a job, and if you have a job the price is dependent on where you work. If you are work for a certain employer the price you will pay is near wholesale, for another retail, another twenty to thirty percent more, and if self-employed or unemployed you must pay a price three to four times higher for these groceries. Unfortunately this is the way our current health system works. Most hospitals charge those without insurance three to four times the price of that paid by those with insurance or government coverage such as Medicare or Medicaid. New ways should be found to avoid price discrimination in health care in order to ensure patients equal access to care and economic justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Discrimination in Health Care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Price Discrimination in Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Price Discrimination in Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Uninsured or self-pay patients should not be charged rates significantly higher than those with Medicare, Medicaid, or insurance. Prices for health care should also be more transparent to allow patients to accurately shop for best prices and values in health care. Price discrimination Price discrimination is the practice of charging different customers different prices for the same product or service. While price discrimination is not necessarily unethical, the price should have commensurate value for the price charged. If this condition is met price discrimination is not necessarily wrong. It can be considered ethical for one to be given a better deal than another. However, if it is used to take advantage of those with a special need or the ignorance of customers it may be unethical. Under the Robinson-Patman Act 1936 it is unlawful when it substantially lessons competition or tends to create a monopoly. This has been cited in numerous lawsuits against hospitals and HMO’s. Because an uninsured person has limited resources to contest hospital rates class action attorneys have tried to obtain class action status for clients with limited success (Anderson, 2007). Many industries and firms utilize price discrimination because it can have a huge impact on company profits. It is much easier today because of improvements in technology to separate patients by demographic information to maximize the amount they are willing or able to pay (Elegido, 2009). Price discrimination is an attempt to get each consumer to pay for the product the highest price he is willing to pay. Price discrimination is common in industries that have high fixed costs and low marginal costs. Setting prices at the level of marginal costs would make it difficult to recover original investment costs. In order for price discrimination to occur there are several conditions that must exist. The producer must have information about what the maximum price of each group of consumers are or have reliable indicators of such. This information is obtained through prices for services set by government diagnosis related groupings for payment that set a near minimum price. The hospital then establishes a charge-master file that is several times more for each item. This may be updated several times a year and is not published for the public. There must not be significant competition from rival firms. For many consumers there are not multiple options for hospital care resulting in limited competition that might lesson cost. Arbitrage must not be possible. The buyer cannot resell the product for a higher price to others (Elegido, 2009). The uninsured or self-pay patient In a study published as a Web Exclusive by the journal Health Affairs, it was determined that approximately half of U. S. bankruptcies, were reportedly attributable to illness or medical bills (Anderson, 2007). It is estimated that three-fourths of these individuals were covered by insurance when they got sick. However, skimpier policies, rising health care costs, and the cancellation of coverage when illness results in job loss have increased the financial risk for those with insurance as well as the uninsured. When patients lose their insurance due to inability to work they become vulnerable to higher self-pay prices. While there are many uninsured that are unable or won’t pay their bills, hospitals pursue those that don’t pay with aggressive collections activities. Price discrimination in health care Hospitals do not charge every patient the same price. Uninsured and self-pay patients are often charged two and one half to four times as much for the same care as those covered by insurance or government plans such as Medicare or Medicaid. This gap has grown substantially since the mid 1980’s (Anderson, 2007). Patients that are uninsured or self-pay are often presented with bills that reflect full charges derived from the hospital’s charge-master file. There are five categories of patients that routinely receive undiscounted bills based on charge-master files created by each hospital. These include those that are international visitors, those that are uninsured, people covered by automobile insurers, people covered by workman’s compensation plans, and those covered by health plans that are lacking contracts with the hospital such as individuals that utilize health care savings accounts or are out of network. Equals should be treated equally in order to satisfy justice and should appropriately balance the gains of trade between buyer and seller with neither side having disproportionate power over the other (Tiemstra, 2006). If prices are directly related to costs and equal for all, the allocation of resources will be more efficient. The ratio of charges to costs measures the relationship between actual charges for services and Medicare allowable charges. In 2004 this ratio for U. S. hospitals was 3. 7 meaning that for every $100 in Medicare charges the average charge was $307. There is considerable variation in hospital charges depending on the type of hospital and the setting, rural or urban. The gross to net revenues overall averaged 2. 57 meaning that collected from all payers, for each $100 collected the initial charge was $257. Since 1984 the charge to cost ratio has increased from 1. 35 to 3. 07 and the gross to net revenues from 1. 25 to 2. 57 in 2004 (Anderson, 2007). Hospital charges have increased faster than costs. Increased charges have not been shown to significantly increase revenues however because as charges rise insurers negotiate for larger discounts and only self-pay patients are expected to pay these higher charges (Anderson, 2007). In Pennsylvania, hospitals collect only about one fourth of what they charge. These discounts are reflected on explanation of benefits forms from insurers. The only ones expected to pay the full charges are often those least able to pay them (Miller, 2012). There is evidence that discounts and price discrimination are making health care less affordable because fixed prices, discounts, and variable reimbursement systems distort normal marketplace competition. Patients and business are the losers as hospitals and health plans try to get bigger to â€Å"win† price negotiation. Insurance is discounted from the standard billed charge, Medicare and Medicaid pay flat rates and those without medical insurance pay the highest charges. When money spent is from somewhere else such as insurance or government coverage there is no incentive for hospitals or patients to control costs and may result in unnecessary medical costs for unneeded tests and procedures when insurance deductibles are met (Lilly, 2011). Cost shifting Cost shift policies in hospitals have resulted in shifting of costs to private patients due to inadequate payments from state and federal government plans such as Medicare and Medicaid. Cost shifting is also use to cover bad debts of unpaid hospital bills. Cost shifting acts like a tax on the costs of private pay patients. The burden of cost shifting falls on non-Medicare and non-Medicaid households in proportion to the sum of their out of pocket expenses and hospital premiums. The government does not assume costs of serving people that are ineligible for government programs but that are unable to pay their bills. They also do not cover common costs for research and teaching. Private pay patients subsidize public program beneficiaries through cost shifting. Because Medicare and Medicaid patients utilize socially valuable resources these costs must be borne by society. These costs may be covered implicitly through cost shifting by price discrimination or explicitly when government taxes are used to finance the full cost (Meyer Johnson, 1983). Hospitals obtain what revenues they can from insurers and those over whom they have little control such as Medicare and Medicaid. They then demand as much as possible from those over whom they have the most leverage. Over fifty percent of health care costs are paid by state and federal governments. This system results in lower incentives to be more efficient and contain costs. Charges for self-pay and uninsured patients are inflated to compensate for discounts given to insurers and low reimbursement rates of Medicare and Medicaid. Public program beneficiaries are subsidized by private pay patients (Lilly, 2011). Recommendations The commercial health industry has called for equitable payment rules for all patients including mandatory rate setting or doing away with rates by diagnosis and cost shifting in favor of transparency and the same rate no matter the payer source. One regulatory approach might be to have the government regulate prices so hospitals cannot charge more based on their type of insurance coverage. Maryland has done this and their hospital costs are lower than other states. However the regulation of prices removes incentives for hospitals to look for innovations to deliver care in a more cost effective way. Another option would be to establish maximum rates that can be charged to all payers for medical care. This may be set by the hospital voluntarily, be set by legislation, or have the rate determined by courts. A single rate would also decrease administrative and collection costs associated with multiple charge rates by payer type. Price transparency has been suggested as a tool to allow patients to comparison shop. Hospitals may increase transparency by limiting the price that can be charged above the Medicare rate. Hospitals could advertise their charge as being a certain percentage above the Medicare rate for comparison. Another approach would be systemic changes that let hospitals charge patients any price but all must be charged the same and prices must be made public. Instead of being restricted to in-network providers, patients could go anywhere but be able to make choices based on quality of care and pricing. Greater transparency in pricing and an ability to make informed decisions based on quality of care and price may allow patients to choose those hospitals that give quality care at lower costs. Transparency in pricing would encourage people to economize on the use of routine health services. These changes would make consumers more aware of and accountable for health decisions based on choice, limits, and patient responsibility (Miller, 2012). Health care reform is necessary and decreasing the use of price discrimination in health care pricing is just one component of those needed. Though the Affordable Care Act 2010 may increase the number of patients with insurance there still will be those that are uninsured. Price discrimination in health care should not be allowed. No patient should be charged more than another for the same service based solely on their payer source. References Anderson, G. F. (n. d. ). From soak the rich to soak the poor: Recent trends in hospital pricing. Health Affairs, 26(3), 780-789. Elegido, J. (2009). The ethics of price discrimination. In 2009 BEN-Africa Annual Conference (pp. 1-19). Accra, Ghana: GIMPA. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from http://www. benafrica. org/downloads/Elegido,%20Juan. pdf Geyman, M. D. , J. , Fegan M. D. , C. , Skala, N. (2005, February 2). Bankruptcy Study Highlights Need For National Health Insurance. Http://www. pnhp. org/facts/bankruptcy_study. php. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from http://www. pnhp. org/news/2005/february/bankruptcy_study_hig. php Lilly, J. (2011, June 16). Medicare reform; Its the price-fixing, stupid. Www. Americanthinker. com. Retrieved April 7, 2012, from www. americanthinker. com/articles Meyer, J. A. , Bruce, W. R. (1983). Cost shifting in health care: An economic analysis. Health Affairs, 2(2), 20-35. Miller, H. D. (2012, March 04). Price discrimination in health care. : Price Discrimination in Health Care. Retrieved May 04, 2012, from http://www. pittsburghfuture. blogspot. com/2012/03/price-discrimination-in-health-care. html

Pre-Submission Checklist for Essay Writing

Pre-Submission Checklist for Essay Writing 1. Do Not Change Grammar Tenses Throughout the Essay Use the present tense (He takes this stance because †¦) or past tense (He said this because †¦) – but not both in one essay. Professors will take off quite a few points for this simple mistake. 2. Write Only in the Third Person Never write an essay in the first person (I believe). Never write in the second person (You †¦) Only write college writing assignments in the third person (The reader may not agree with this statement.) TOP 10 MISTAKES MADE WHEN WRITING ESSAYS PART 1 3. Avoid Using Contractions Not can’t see, but cannot see. Not couldn’t, but could not. Don’t use didn’t, but did not. Don’t use, should’ve but should have. 4. Spell Words Correctly There are dictionaries and spell checks for a reason. Use them. Misspelling words will cost a student a substantial loss in points due to carelessness. 5. Fact-Check the Sources and Complete a Page to Avoid Plagiarism Any source used in an essay, no matter how little, should be recorded in the student’s page. Just in case. It helps them avoid plagiarism: the practice of taking someone elses work or ideas and passing them off as ones own. Which results in Expulsion. TOP 10 MISTAKES MADE WHEN WRITING ESSAYS PART 2 6. Leave no Dangling Participles This is when a participle (the nominal form of a verb, most often ending –ing) lacks a clear connection with the word it modifies. It’s like a sentence changing midstream for no apparent reason. Incorrect – dangling participle: Writing at my kitchen table, the sudden noise startled me. [Writing lacks connection with noise]. Turning around, the view was much transformed. [Turning lacks connection with a view]. Correct – no dangling participle: Writing at my kitchen table, I was startled by the sudden noise. Turning the corner, he discovered that the view was much transformed. The tips listed in the article will definitely help you consider all the details when writing an essay. If you want to know more about the pitfalls  to be avoided in writing your college essays, read the related articles on our website. Some links are given above in the article. If you  dont feel like learning all those nuances, place an order and our writers will write a perfect essay for you.

How to Get Good Grades in High School

How to Get Good Grades in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The transition to high school causes academic whiplash for many students. It’s hard to adapt to a new environment and get good grades when you’re given more independence in your assignments and are expected to learn more challenging materials. In this guide, I’ll go through the most important strategies that will help you to get good grades in high school and beyond. Basic Academic Survival Strategies Let's start with the most fundamental strategies for getting good grades. A strong foundation is the key to success! Strategy #1: Read Directions and Rubrics Carefully Read the directions thoroughly on every assignment you get.If you don’t follow the directions, you won’t get a good grade even if what you do would be considered solid work on a slightly different project.If your teacher tells you to write a seven-page essay, and you only write five, you'll get points taken off even if you do a good job. Don't sacrifice your grade just because you were careless or chose to ignore the instructions! Sometimes when students misinterpret directions, they blame the teacher for giving them a bad grade.Even if you disagree with the structure of an assignment, being stubborn about it probably won’t get you anywhere.You should re-educate yourself on the expectations for the class so that you don’t give the teacher another chance to deduct points from your assignments.In these cases, you’re probably just dealing with a strict teacher who likes to stick to very specific guidelines.Once you know what the his or her standards are, you will be able to reliably earn high grades. Strategy #2: Listen and Participate in Class A trait that is consistent in people who get good grades is that they pay attention in class.You may think that you can just space out in class, study hard later, and ace the test. If school has always been a breeze for you, this might be true up to a point, but it will catch up with you when you run into something that isn’t as easy to understand. If you pay attention in class, you’ll spend less time studying in the long run.Why is this? It’s because you’ve already absorbed a lot of the information you need to know just by being engaged while your teacher is talking. You can even go a step farther and take notes in class to reinforce what you’re learning in a different way. It's smart to get into this habit before college so that you don’t struggle with note taking in lecture classes. If you learn how to summarize the main points of a lesson now, it will be easier for you to take notes at times when they’re even more critical. Class participation is another big part of this.Participation is important for a couple of reasons.First and foremost, it might be a part of your grade! In some cases, class participation accounts for ten percent or more of your final grade.Even if it isn't a part of your grade, participating in class will help you understand the material more thoroughly and let the teacher know that you care about the subject. For me, class participation was always very difficult because I was shy and afraid that I would say the wrong thing. If you have this issue, I would recommend sitting as close to the front of the classroom as possible so that it feels like you’re just talking to the teacher and not addressing the whole class. Also, try not to overthink it! I can’t tell you how many times I had an answer in my head that I decided was dumb only to hear someone else say it thirty seconds later. Even if your answer is incorrect, you should view it as a learning opportunity that may help you to understand the material better. This is what your face should look like in class. If you're extra creepy, your teacher will be afraid to give you bad grades. Strategy #3: Ask for Help Sooner Rather Than Later Often, the key to success is knowing when to ask for help, and high school classes are no exception.If you don’t understand a concept, don’t wait until you’ve already bombed a test to get help.Approach your teacher as soon as possible, and ask if he or she would be willing to meet you after school to go over the material.By doing this, you can avoid bad grades before they happen and build a positive relationship with your teacher. Of course, all of this is easier said than done. It's hard to ask for help if your teacher is less friendly or you’re a super independent person.If you’re worried about approaching your teacher, stick to a script. You can just say â€Å"Teacher’s Name, I’m having some difficulty understanding this unit. I was wondering if you might be able to talk through the main concepts with me after school at some point. I’ll come up with a list of my questions.† If you prepare a list of questions for your teacher, it will be easier for you to get the information you need and for your teacher to explain things in a way that is helpful to you.You should also remember that there’s absolutely no shame in asking for help.It’s really the smartest thing you can do if you’re struggling, and it will only lead to better grades in the future. Strategy #4: Don’t Rely on Your Family and Friends Too Much Another way of saying this is â€Å"don’t cheat,† but sometimes the definition of cheating can be nebulous.If you and your friends help each other on a homework assignment, that’s probably fine depending on the distribution of work.However, if you directly copy a friend’s homework (even if they say it’s ok), it’s definitely a form of cheating whether or not the homework counts toward your grade. Avoid doing this, especially if you want to get good grades in the long term.If you copy your friends’ homework assignments, you’re committing self-sabotage.I know it’s a cliche that you only hurt yourself by cheating, but in this case it's true.If you rely too heavily on the knowledge of others for small assignments, larger assignments like tests and papers will be even more difficult since you never learned the material for yourself. Also, don't let your parents edit your papers extensively or do the bulk of the work in figuring out homework problems.They probably mean well, but it will do you more harm than good if you’re not learning on your own terms.Eventually, you’ll have to write an essay or solve math problems on a test, and you may fall short of your potential if you don't have experience doing these things independently. Matching jackets? Kind of cute and kind of lame. Matching homework? Unambiguously lame. Expert Study Strategies Many students have trouble getting good grades in high school because they don't know how to study effectively. Here are a few of the best ways to improve your test scores through the use of smart study strategies. Strategy #5: Always Do the Homework (Even If It Doesn’t Count!) Most teachers in high school assign regular homework, although some may not check it or incorporate it directly into your grade.Some students view this as a free pass to ignore homework assignments, which can is a very bad idea.In subjects like math and science in particular, homework assignments are critical if you want to gain full comprehension of the material.In math, your understanding of one unit of study is often a necessary foundation for your understanding of the next unit.Knowledge builds on itself. If you start skipping homework assignments, you may get confused when the teacher moves on to a new unit.Ultimately, you could become completely lost and perform poorly on assignments that do count towards your grade. Doing homework assignments will also help you psychologically. If you’re staying on top of things in a class, you'll be more confident in your knowledge.Homework assignments are a way of studying consistently over time. If you do the homework, you may not have to study as much for tests because you’ll already have a solid understanding of what you need to know. This is what will happen on tests if you don't have a strong homework-based foundation of knowledge. Strategy #6: Know the Difference Between Reading It Over and â€Å"Getting It† Just reading over the material before a test won't cut it unless you have a photographic memory. You need toactively absorb the information, not just skim over it and hope it will stick in your brain. Surface-level knowledge won't help you, especially when you're dealing with open-ended questions on a test. You should be able to recall the facts without any hints or prompting. If you have review sheets to study before a test, I would recommend reading them in small, manageable sections.After you read each section carefully, look away from it and see if you can repeat the facts back to yourself.Don’t move on from a section until you’re able to do this. One thing that I’ve found very helpful in cases like this is to make up some sort of weird mnemonic. It can be an acronym or just something memorable that has a random association with the information you need to know.The more bizarre the memory device you come up with, the more likely you are to remember the facts. After you’ve read everything over yourself and feel relatively confident, you can have someone else step in and quiz you on the information.To be sure that you have a full understanding of what you need to know, you should be able to answer questions about how different facts connect to each other rather than just regurgitating the facts themselves.For example, if you’re studying for a history test, you might have someone ask you a question like â€Å"what were the main factors that led to the French Revolution† that requires you to draw from a few distinct facts to reach a separate conclusion. Strategy #7: Study Between Tests, Don’t Cram There is a certain glamour for some students in the late-night pre-test cram session.However, sacrificing your sleep and sanity will not get you a better grade on the test (no matter how much cooler it might be than planning ahead). The best way to ensure that you don’t panic before a test (or on the test itself) is to make a habit of going over the material that you’ve learned regularly and not just when it gets down to the wire.You’ll retain it better, and you’ll get a good night’s sleep to recharge your brain. In the week before a big test, you can study for an hour or so every night rather than studying for five hours the night before.As you build up your knowledge, you’ll feel more and more confident.On the night before the test, instead of trying to study every little detail that you need to know, you can do a quick review of the main concepts to reassure yourself that you’re in good shape. If studying responsibly is too uncool for you, try getting a good night's sleep while wearing sunglasses to keep up the illusion of detached nonchalance. Strategies for Structuring Your Work Strategy #8: Make Project Timelines (Don’t Procrastinate!) If you hope to earn high grades without suffering from excessive amounts of stress, you must overcome your procrastination habits.It's especially hard to manage your time responsibly on long-term projects. It may seem like you have forever to complete the assignment, but time will always catch up with you. If you're a procrastinator, I highly recommend making a timeline whenever you get a long-term assignment. If you have a project that’s due in a month, set aside the first week for brainstorming, make a rough outline of the project in the second week, flesh it out as much as possible in the third week, and spend the rest of your time perfecting it.This is a vague timeline because it depends on the type of project you’re doing and what it involves, but you get the idea. If you save the last week for polishing your work and fixing mistakes, you’ll end up with a final product that’s a much better representation of your abilities.Sticking to a schedule like this can be tough, so you might want to ask your teacher to help monitor your progress by checking in with you periodically.Some teachers already set up checkpoints for longer term projects because they know students have trouble avoiding procrastination.If this is the case, stick to the schedule and avoid falling behind! Strategy #9: Stay Organized Many of these tips will be useless if you don’t keep track of all the materials for your classes.Cultivating good organizational habits will not only help you succeed in high school; it will pay off in spades when you get to college as well. Always mark the beginning of each new unit in your notebook, and keep a binder or folder for each class.This way, when you study for tests, you won’t be freaking out about where a certain review sheet went or why there seems to be nothing relevant in your notebook.Avoid just throwing papers into your backpack. I’ve made the mistake of doing this many times in the past, and you WILL forget where you put them when you need them most. It's also a good idea to write down your homework assignments in an agenda book so that you don’t miss anything.It’s easy to forget about smaller assignments if your brain is focused on a big project or test that’s coming up.Even if you don’t have a concrete homework assignment in every class, you should make note ofany potential work you might do that night. If you have light assignments in your other classes, this will remind you to catch up on a long term project or start studying a bit for a test that’s coming up in a week. Planners/Google calendars/whatever you kids are using to manage your time these days are your friends! What's Next? Worried about your GPA? Here are four strategies for raising your GPA in high school fast. If you're not sure whether your GPA is high enough for your goals, read this article on what a good GPA means for college. Still trying to figure out your courses? Check out our expert guide on which classes you should take in high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Best Form of Governmen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Best Form of Governmen - Essay Example In this form of government, the rule is for needy people. Under conditions of law or aristocracy, the ruler is interested in the outcome of his actions in the name of his country (Mindell 1996; Randall, 1960; Robinson, 1995). Aristotle on government Government should develop virtue and common good. The rulers are interested in people with enough knowledge, power and time to follow their ideas. Nowadays there is a need to promote the development of the best ruler. The politics must be open for the â€Å"ready† rulers, who are focused on their own ideas and the developments in the name of the virtue. The politicians should not cash in on the misery of their citizens; they must develop their policies in the name of the common good. The rulers have to invest their money into the development of the common virtue, because the laborers are too busy and they will not be able to contribute much into a common good. In his Book III we can read: â€Å"†¦a state is a body of citizens sufficing for the purposes of life† (Aristotle 1997, p. 43). Concerning the negative forms of the government, Aristotle claims that under conditions of tyranny, the interests of the monarch are supported. In terms of oligarchy, the interests of wealthy people are taken into account. ... It is a kind of a mixture of democracy, monarchy, and oligarchy. I think that in the modern context it is possible to apply the ideas of Aristotle successfully. In case the modern rulers do not consider democracy as the most successful form of the government, there is a need to implement the mixed forms of ruling (Jackson, 2001). Aristotle justifies his choice of a mixed government employing the example of the social roles: for instance, a father shows different roles in his relations with his children and his wife: in the first case these rules are royal and in the second case these rules are constitutional ones. Moreover, we can analyze the following quote by Aristotle: â€Å"†¦but in most constitutional states the citizens rule and are ruled by turns, for the idea of a constitutional state implies that the natures of the citizens are equal, and do not differ at all. Nevertheless, when one rules and the other is ruled we endeavour to create a difference of outward forms and n ames and titles of respect† (Aristotle 1997, p. 185). Consequently, we can claim that rules of governing are changing during a certain period of time. The constitutional government implies relations of a wife and a husband. There are permanent inequalities within the governmental structure. In their essence, these relations are equal, but in fact there is always a kind of difference in the relations between wives and husbands. Consequently, â€Å"polity† is the best form of the government, as Aristotle claims. Every citizen has a right to rule. Ruling is a complex activity and there are many social layers involved in the process of governing. Therefore, an option of a social control over different forms of the government place both rich and

The News Media Characteristics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The News Media Characteristics - Research Paper Example The aim of this investment is to furnish free, dependable, faultless, boundless and important data that a vote based system requires. Participatory news coverage is a notch up, with eminent wonder in which there is next to zero publication oversight or formal journalistic workflow managing the choices of a staff. Rather, it is the consequence of numerous concurrent, disseminated discussions that either bloom or rapidly decay in the Web's informal organization. While the eruption of weblogs is a later wonder, the thought of taking advantage of your group of onlookers for new views or transforming book lovers into correspondents or reporters is definitely not. Weblogs or writes as they are generally known, are the most dynamic and amazing type of this support reporting. These individually distributed frameworks have offered ascent to a sensation that shows the markings of unrest by giving anybody with the right ability and vigour the capability to be heard far and wide on the Web. They are redesigned online diaries, with converse sequential entrances and various joins that give up-to-the-moment undertakes the journalist's existence, the news, or on a particular subject of investment. Regularly riddled with obstinate or clear and reasonably objective (Romenesko, 2008) Development of weblogs has been to a great extent powered by more terrific access to transmission capacity and ease, frequently free programming. These basic simple to-utilize apparatuses have empowered new sorts of coordinated effort unlimited by time or geology. The effect is a development of new social examples and means for self-statement. Write like groups like have permitted an incalculable number of voices to take an interest while supervising a social request and furnishing a suitable channel on talk. The exceptional thing about them is that they bring new voices into the national talk on different points, and help construct neighbourhoods of investment through their accumulations of connecti ons. (Sen. Trent Lott, 2002). This raises some imperative inquiries: If participatory reporting has climbed without the immediate help of prepared authors or news industry activities, what part will standard media play? Also are standard media ready to surrender some control and energetically work together with their gatherings of people? Additionally will an educated and engaged purchaser start to edge the news driving force from the grassroots? Furthermore, will reporting's ethics persist? My opinion on the new trend toward participatory journalism is that citizen journalism has turned into a sensation of between participatory news coverage between the normal person and the native media is turning into another rising pattern in gathering and disseminating of news. It is not dependably conceivable for the media to be available all over the place so they search out native columnist with the guarantee of free attention. This association prepares between the media and the normal subje ct gains both ways. ii. Next, after reading the required bibliography, give your opinion of the new trend toward "participatory journalism" which was discussed in this week's bibliography reading. Do you believe that cell phone photography and citizen reporting will catch on in America, and do you see any relationship between such trends and the possibility for real political reform?     

Boston Massacre Essay -- essays research papers

The Boston Massacre was an extremely important event in American History. Also, it a very controversial topic. To this day, no one can really give an accurate description of the events that transpired. The Boston Massacre was not a random event at all; many actions led up to the massacre. As a result of this disaster, America was changed forever and sent on a road towards revolution. The Boston Massacre was a defining moment in American history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people believe that the Boston Massacre was a spur of the moment event. This is totally untrue. The French and Indian war put England in debt making England look for other sources of income. The king of England believed that the colonists should help to pay for the war because it took place in America. For a few months prior to the massacre, British troops had been stationed in Boston. The soldiers were in Boston to help with the collection of money to pay for duties on imported goods (Hansen 11). Tensions were high between the townspeople and the soldiers. Colonists greatly resented the soldiers because they believed that there should not be military personnel amongst them. The Bostonians took out their anger on the soldiers. In turn, the British troops were extremely unfriendly towards the people too. On many occasions, physical conflicts between the townspeople and the soldiers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  England tried to compensate for their debt by taxing the colonists in any way that they could. One way that the British attempted to raise money was through the Stamp and Townshend Acts. The Stamp Act taxed a great number of people and things. There was probably no one who did not have to pay out more than they would have liked because of this act. It taxed almost every single piece of paper. â€Å"Merchant owners were obliged to buy stamps for ships’ papers and legal documents. Tavern owners, often the political leaders of their neighborhoods, were required to buy stamps for their licenses. Printers-the most influential group in distributing information and ideas in colonial society-had to buy stamps for their newspapers and other publications† (Brinkley 131). Townshend introduced the Quartering Act, which allowed British troops to enter any colonists house and stay there. The colonists did not have the right to refuse the soldiers either. This grea tly upset the residents of Bos... ...ere laden with tea. The disguised colonists proceeded to throw the entire tea cargo of the boats into the harbor (Hansen 166). The reason that this was done was because the colonists were tired of being taxed for items such as tea. Many did no mind being taxed for some things, but not tea. They believed that the money from the taxes was going to help England, and not back to the colonies as they thought that it should. Two years after the Boston Tea Party took place the American Revolution began.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Boston Massacre was an extremely influential event in U.S. History. It changed the complexion of our nation forever. No one was ever able to give an accurate description of what took place that night, but one thing that you can be sure of is the fact that America may have waited many years before revolting against Great Britain. The Boston Massacre should not only be remembered for the death of the five men, but also for the conflicts that brought on the shooting and for the events that it set off. The massacre was a culmination of tensions between the English and the Americans. The Boston Massacre set a fire under the colonists and drove them to freedom.

Functions & Responsibilities of Hr & Admin Department of Rcl

Chapter: 1 Introduction 1. Background of the report After completion of MBA program students have to do internship in an organization for the fulfillment of the Degree. Internship program gives an opportunity of learning the real working dynamics and applied knowledge of Business Administration. I complete my M. B. A program from department of Management Studies, University of Chittagong. To complete the academic requirement I did my internship at HR department of Royal Capital Limited.My internship topic was â€Å"functions & responsibilities of HR and Admin department of Royal Capital Limited. This report is prepared to focus on the functions and responsibilities of HR and Admin department of Royal Capital Limited. 1. 2Rationale of the report Internship program is the part of MBA program which gives a scope to MBA students to prepare a study report focusing solution to problematic issues of management of the organization. It is an opportunity to gather practical knowledge and redu ce the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge.It also gives opportunity to the future managers to deal with practical problems and give solution in real business life. I did my internship in Royal Capital Limited which is a leading equity brokerage house in the country. My internship report is based on the practical experience through working at the HR department of the company. 1. 3Objectives of the report The main objective of this report is to fulfill the academic requirement as well as the following objectives: †¢ To understand the Human Resource Management practices. †¢ To have a clear picture of the basic HR functions. To identify the clear picture of HR practices in RCL. †¢ To analyze the performance of the HR & Admin department of RCL. 1. 4Methodology and Data collection The report is prepared on the basis of experience and data collection through direct supervision at the work place. The methodology followed for the purpose of the study has been desk research as well as field survey. The desk research method has been followed to review the existing literature on the subject. Both primary and secondary data were collected to prepare the report.The main sources of the primary data to prepare the company profile and its performance had been collected from organization’s web site and the concerned with HR Manager of Royal Capital Limited and secondary data collected from the web site and books for the purpose of preparing the literature part. 1. 5Scope of the report The report is prepared on the basis of direct supervision and collection and analysis of primary and secondary data. It provides information of a successful broker house, its practice and prospect of HR and Admin department.It will guide and give complete idea to a learner and clients about broker house and its activities. This report also provides gridlines to a learner about practice of HR and functions and responsibilities of HR and admin department. 1. 6Limit ations of the report The study has been conducted subject to certain limitation. The rate of success of my study may be limited as I might have failed to collect proper information due to lack of my experience, some data could not be supplied for their confidentiality and official secrecy. The secondary sources of data were not available and well organized.In addition to the above, RCL is a private limited company, which does not does not provide with all the necessary information as required due to their sensitivity and competitiveness in regard to its competitors. In spite of these limitations, I have tried my best to pinpoint various findings of this company. I, therefore, hope that the study will be evaluated subject to the recognition of the above limitation. 1. 7MY WORKING AREA As I complete MBA program major in HRM from department of Management Studies, University of Chittagong my interest was to know the HR practice in real life in the organizations.I got the opportunity to work in the HR department of Royal Capital Limited under HOD-HR manager. My internship topic was â€Å"functions & responsibilities of HR & Admin department of Royal Capital Limited†. My organization supervisor helps me to closely work with the functions and responsibilities perform by them to successful continuation of a company in the competitive business environment. Chapter: 2 Company Overview 2. 1Royal Capital limited Royal Capital Limited is a leading equity brokerage house in the country.It has diverse clientele of institutions, high net worth individuals, foreign funds and retail investors which help to success in the market. Royal Capital Limited was established in 1995 and over time become one of the largest stock broking companies in the country. Side by side it has also dealership licences. It’s a member of Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchange. Its authorized capital is TK 150 million; paid-up capital is TK 65 million. There are 12 offices and branches of Ro yal Capital Limited situated in Dhaka, Chittagong, Feni, Jessore, Bogra and Khulna.Its corporate head office is located in Chittagong. Its number of employees is 110. The number of Beneficiary Owner Account holders is 37,112. Its daily average turnover is US $ 1. 7 million. The market share of Royal Capital Limited is 1. 20%. Royal Capital Limited is a depository participant of Central Depository Bangladesh Limited. Mr. A. Q. I Chowdhury, OBE is the chairman of the company, a prominent business personality of the country. He has a good track record of running the manufacturing and service oriented multinational company like James Finlay Plc for the last 20 years.He was awarded by Her Excellency Queen Elizabeth II the â€Å"Order of British Empire† (OBE) for his contribution to the society and ethical business. Under his leadership a young dedicated, skilled professional team has been develop to render the service as required by customers. 2. 1. 1Mission The mission of Royal C apital Limited is to develop the company into an ideal and antique financial institution by providing excellent financial service to its customers. 2. 1. 2Objectives of Royal Capital Limited Success of an investor depends on good understanding of market, reliable information, sound fund management and risk planning.Royal Capital Limited is the right place to get all those services. It has already gained confidence of Investors of all class for its sincere efforts to assist client in every possible way. Objectives of Royal Capital Limited are as follows: ? To help client understand investment choices. ? To provide timely account and transaction information that accurately reflects the investment positions of the client. ? To Build and justify clients trust. ? Provide clients with frank, timely feedback on how we are doing and how we can improve our service to clients. 2. 1. 3ManagementRoyal Capital Limited has a policymaking body which consists of 7 members of whom 2 are elected. The board comprises of one Chairman, one Managing Director, three directors and 2 members. It has provision for 23,000 clients. The executive power of RCL is vested with the Department Manager. 2. 1. 4Sister concerns The followings are the concern business of Royal Capital Limited: ? Royal Trade International ? Royal Cuisine ? Royal Garden. 2. 2Major businesses and product divisions As a broker house Royal Capital Limited perform following activities: ? Brokerage Activities:Royal Capital limited provides trade execution activities for clients in Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchange under Securities & Exchange Commissions Law. ? Dealer Account: The SEC Act defines a dealer as someone who is engaged in the business of buying and selling securities for his own account that would require their registration as a dealer under SEC Act. Also Royal Capital limited has a dealer Account, Name: ROYAL CAPITAL LTD. B. O ID: 1201590000001005. ? Stock Broking Account: The process of investing in the sh are market, either individually or through a broker is known as stock broking.Stock broker is also an individual who makes stock trades on behalf of his or her clients. ? Margin Loan: Margin loans are taken to finance the purchase of securities, usually the purchase of stock (also known as equity). Margin loans normally are extended by the same financial services firm (stock brokerage firm or securities firm) that the customer uses to trade in the security in question. The maximum value of a margin loan relative to the value of the underlying securities is set by the SEC. Each firm is free to implement more stringent lending policies than prescribed by the SEC. Margin Loan Activities & Agreement of RCL: In this segment Royal provide two kinds of A/C: Cash: This type of account asks to client deposit cash and then client can use that cash to buy stocks, bonds, mutual funds or other investments. But sometimes client can take loan for buying securities, it’s providing for short time. It’s also called unauthorized loan. Margin: With a margin account the broker lends a portion of the funds at the time of purchase and the security acts as collateral. The loan in the account is collateralized by the securities and cash.If the value of the stock drops sufficiently, the account holder will be required to deposit more cash or sell a portion of the stock. ? Margin Call: A broker demands an investor using margin to deposit additional money or securities so that the margin account brought up to the minimum maintenance margin. Margin calls occur when an account value depresses to a value calculated by the broker's particular formula. This is sometimes called a â€Å"fed call† or â€Å"maintenance call†. ? Margin facilities of Royal Capital Limited:A financial institution must have some written guidelines on the credit approval process and the approval authorities of individuals or committees as well as the basis of those decisions. Royal Capital Limited provides credit facilities to the customer as per Margin Rules, 1999. ? Margin Risk Management Process: Margin risk management process should cover the entire margin cycle starting from the origination of the margin in a financial institution’s books to the point the margin is extinguished from the books. ? Internet Trading Service (ITS): This is a border less trading system.Investor who have access to internet take part in share market from any part of the world, and can do his own buy-sale at own pace. Investor interested to may be able to log on to www. bangladeshtockmarket. com to get all the relevant information on the Internet trading and also for trading. ? Real time trading facility in both Dhaka & Chittagong Stock Exchanges: A client can trade any bourse simultaneously from any of our branches. ? Xpress Settlement On selling shares through ‘Xpress settlement’ cheque is issued on the same day & not on the exchange payout date.This money can then b e withdrawn immediately. ? Any Branch Trading Facility RCL is giving any branch trading facility to its client. ? Depository Service A depository is an organization formed to provide electronic depository facilities to share holder under prevailing law in the electronic form through the medium of depository participants (DPS). The Central depository Bangladesh Ltd (CDBL) is the only depository in Bangladesh, which is setup and governed by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Bangladesh (SEC).RCL is among the few Depository Participant (DP) in the country and the first DP who started related service right from introduction of this in the country. ? Beneficiary Owner (BO) Account A BO account is mandatory for applying IPO shares and also for trading of CDBL shares in secondary market. By opening a BO account with RCL you can enjoy both facilities. ? Demat Securities Dematerialization is the process of converting physical securities in electronic form. RCL is trusted name in provi ding that service for its client. ? PledgeDepository service with RCL allows you to pledge demated securities with any bank or financial institution to avail loan. ? Research Activities: This is one of the issues that the Royal Capital Limited management was very much serious about and accordingly put due emphasis according to the need of the capital market. Stock business is information based. Right information at the right time in the right place is the core of the game. So RCL publish some very informative and analytical publications intended to help explore the financial performance of the listed organization so that the client can take wise investment decision. . 3Board of directors Chairman – Mr. A Q I Chowdhury, OBE CEO & MD- Mr. Munir Ahmed Director- Ms Jesmin Islam Chowdhury Director- Mr. Sami Chowdhury Director- Mr. Saadi Chowdhury SWOT Analysis of Royal Capital Limited |Positive |Negative | | |Strength(s) |Weakness(w) | |Internal |Goodwill. |Inadequate IT system. | |Factors |Credibility. |Lack of trained ersonnel. | | |Strong financial condition; ample financial resource. |Absence of risk management assessment. | | | |Insufficient research and development. | | |Efficient and experience management team. |Lack of strategic planning. | | |Prompt service. | | | |Transparency. | | | |Never a default to client and to DSE, CSE and CDBL. | | |Opportunity(O) |Threats(T) | |External |Immense scope to increase trade. |Entry of new competitor. | |Factor | |Increased competition. | | | |Share market crisis. | 2. 4Organogram of RCL: Royal capital Limited at A Glance Name of the company: Royal Capital Limited. Type of company: Private limited.Date of incorporation : 1st April 1995. Member Registered No: Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd. Registration No. 3. 1/Dse-21/2006 Chittagong Stock Exchange Ltd. Registration No: 3. 21/CSE-121053 Authorized capital: BDT 150 million. Paid up capital: BDT 65 million. No. of Offices & Branches: 12 No. of employees: 110 Number of BO holders: 37,112 Daily average turnover: US$ 1. 7million Market share: 1. 20% Chairman of the company: Mr. A Q I Chowdhury, OBE CEO & MD: Mr. Munir Ahmed Administration : 07 members Board of Directors Organization Address: Corporate Office:Finlay House (Ground Floor), Agrabad C/A, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Chapter: 3 Literature Review 3. 1Human Resource Management HRM involves all kind of decisions related with human resource. HRM can be define as a specific combination of HR practices, work structures and process that maximizes employees knowledge, skill, commitment and flexibility. Storey (1995) defines HRM as a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to obtain competitive advantage developed showing how HRM practices leads to overall corporate performance.According to Khatri (1999), people are one of the most important factors providing flexibility and adaptability to organizations. Rundle (1997) argues that one needs to bear in mind that people (managers), not the firm, are the adaptive mechanism in determining how the firm will respond to the competitive environment. Several scholars have noted that managing people is more difficult than managing technology or capital (Barney, 1991; Lado and Wilson, 1994). 3. 1. 1Human Resource Management: Nature Human Resource Management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each are met.HRM practices refer to organizational activities directed at managing the pool of human resources and ensuring that the resources are employed towards the fulfillment of organizational goals (Schuler & Jackson, 1987; Schuler & MacMillan, 1984; Wright & Snell, 1991). Redman and Matthews (1998) identify an ‘HRM bundle’ of key practices which support service organizations quality strategies, these being: ? Careful recruitment and selection, for example, ‘total quality recruitment’, ‘zero defects recruitment’, ‘right first time recrui tment’. ? Extensive remuneration systems, for example, bonuses available for staff willing to be multi-skilled. Team working and flexible job design, for example, encouraging a sense of cohesiveness and designing empowered jobs. ? Training and learning, for example, front line staff having enhanced interpersonal and social skills. ? Employee involvement, for example, keeping employees informed of key changes in the organization. ? Performance appraisals with links to contingent reward systems, for example, gathering customer feedback to recognize the work by employees over and above their expected duties, which in turn is likely to lead to a bonus for staff. 3. 1. 2Human Resource Management: ObjectivesHuman Resource Management (HRM) ‘is about matching employment practices to an organization’s strategy’, according to Hendry (1999, p. 3). In Torrington, Hall and Taylor’s (2008) opinion, its objectives are to ensure that organizations are well staffed and that those employees are well treated, motivated and committed to their work to provide best performance. ? To help the organization reach its goals. ? To ensure effective utilization and maximum development of human resources. ? To ensure respect for human beings. To identify and satisfy the needs of individuals. To ensure reconciliation of individual goals with those of the organization. ? To achieve and maintain high morale among employees. ? To provide the organization with well-trained and well-motivated employees. ? To increase to the fullest the employee's job satisfaction and self-actualization. ? To develop and maintain a quality of work life. ? To be ethically and socially responsive to the needs of society. ? To develop overall personality of each employee in its multidimensional aspect. ? To enhance employee's capabilities to perform the present job. To equip the employees with precision and clarity in transaction of business. ? To inculcate the sense of team spirit, team work and inter-team collaboration. 3. 1. 3The HRM Department is responsible for: ? Understanding and relating to employees as individuals, thus identifying individual needs and career goals. ? Developing positive interactions between workers, to ensure collated and constructive enterprise productivity and development of a uniform organizational culture. ? Identify areas that suffer lack of knowledge and insufficient training, and accordingly provide remedial measures in the form of workshops and seminars. Innovate new operating practices to minimize risk and generate an overall sense of belonging and accountability. ? Recruiting the required workforce and making provisions for expressed and promised payroll and benefits. ? Implementing resource strategies to subsequently create and sustain competitive advantage. ? Empowerment of the organization, to successfully meet strategic goals by managing staff effectively. ? The human resource department also maintains an open demeanor to employee grievances.Employees are free to approach the human resource team for any conceived query or any form of on-the-job stress that is bothering them. ? Performance of employees is also actively evaluated on a regular basis. Promotions are conducted and are predominantly based on the overall performance of the individual, accompanied by the span or tenure he has served the organization. The Human resource department also looks at the possibilities of the employee migrating from one job to another, maintaining the hierarchy in the company and considering the stability of post and the salary obtained over a period of time. 3. 2Functions of HRM:The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding the staffing needs of an organization and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issu es, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Human resource department of an organization consist of all human resource management functions. Job Analysis: Job analysis is one of the most important task that performed by the HR staff.Through job analysis the vacant position is find out and the job description and job specification is prepared. Job description: Job description is an organized and factual statement of the duties and responsibilities for a particular job. Job Specification: It is a statement of minimum acceptance of human qualities necessary to perform a job properly. The company selects employees according to job specification. 1. Recruitment: Recruitment involves searching for and obtaining qualified job candidates in such numbers that the organization can select the most appropriate person to fill its job needs.In addition to filling job needs, the recruitment activity should be concerned with satisfying the needs of the j ob candidates. [pic] Methods of recruitment: Job posting: The organization announces position openings through bulletin boards, company publications, and internet/intranet. Skills inventories: Manual or computerized systematic records listing employees' education, career and development interests, languages, special skills, and so on to be used in forecasting inside candidates for promotion. 2. Succession PlanningSuccession planning refers to the plans a company makes to fill its most important executive positions. It involves analysis of the demand for managers and professionals by company level, function, and skill and planning of individual career paths based on objective estimates of future needs and drawing on reliable performance appraisals and assessments of potential. 3. Selection: The selection criteria for a position are a list of the essential and desirable skills, attributes, experience, and education which an organization decides is necessary for a position. Step-1 Job analysis: Job analysis means developing job-related information. It’s the starting point in the selection plan and, for that matter, in the entire recruitment and selection process: †¢ Conducting a job analysis: Start by generally describing the purpose of the job. Define the major work processes the employee does. These are the duty statements. †¢ Decide which duties are essential: Essential duties are either critical to the job or they take up a large percentage of time. †¢ Identify the KSBs: needed to do the major duties and responsibilities. Minimum qualifications (MQs) describe the knowledge, skills, and behaviors (KSBs) needed to perform the major duties of a job upon entry to the job †¢ Developing minimum qualifications: Using the job analysis, identify the KSBs that are necessary on the first day of the job. ? Step-2 Identifying selection procedures Following job analysis, the second stage in developing a selection plan is deciding how you will eva luate applicants and select the best person for the job. †¢ Training and experience evaluations – This method, often called TE, looks at an applicant's training and experience as they relate to the job. Supplemental Questions – Supplemental questions give applicants specific guidelines to describe the competencies they gained through training and experience. †¢ Written tests – Written tests can be good selection tools, but they aren’t always practical. Written exams cost a lot of time and money to develop. †¢ Performance tests – Performance tests involve having an applicant perform small samples of an actual duty. Examples include: †¢ Physical tests – Physical tests often include endurance or strength measurements, which could adversely impact on women, older workers, and others. References – If not done well, reference checks can result in the same problems as informal, unstructured interviews. †¢ Work Sample – A work sample is some tangible thing an applicant has produced. It should represent the applicant's level of competence in a specific area. †¢ Interview – The oral interview remains the most popular selection procedure, but they also need to be valid and consistent. †¢ Medical examination- Medical tests are conducted to ensure physical fitness of the potential employee. It will decrease chances of employee absenteeism. Appointment Letter- A reference check is made about the candidate selected and then finally he is appointed by giving a formal appointment letter. 4. Human Resource development: Human Resources Development (HRD) is a framework for the expansion of human capital within an organization through the development of both the organization and the individual to achieve performance improvement. HRD includes the areas of training and development, career development, and organization development: [pic] Training and development means acquiring knowledge , developing competencies and skills, adopting behaviors that improve performance in current jobs.Organization development is the diagnosis and design of systems to assist an organization with planning change. Career development is the activities and processes for mutual career planning and management between employees and organizations. 5. ORIENTATION & TRAINING After recruiting & selecting next step is to orientation & train the employees. To ensure better performance, employees must know what to do & how to do, to know this they have to go through orientation. Training Need Assessment A needs assessment is the process of identifying the â€Å"gap† between performance required and current performance.The purpose of a training needs assessment is to identify performance requirements and the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed by an organization’s workforce to achieve the requirements. The assessment should address resources needed to fulfill organizational mission , improve productivity, and provide quality products and services. 6. Performance Management And Appraisal: Performance management is a process that consolidates goal setting, performance appraisal and development into a single common system, the aim of which is to ensure that the employee’s performance is supporting the company’s strategic aims. . Compensation and benefits: Compensation is the financial remunerations given by the organization to its employees in exchange for their work. Employee compensation refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees and arising from their employment. There are two main components of employee compensation: ? Direct financial payments: wages, salaries, incentives, commissions, bonuses. ? Indirect payments: employer paid insurance and vacations. Types of benefits are as follows: †¢ Pay for time not worked It is also called â€Å"Supplement Pay Benefits†.It is generally an employer’s most costly benefits because of the large amount of time off that many employees receive. Common time off pay periods include Holidays, Vacations, Maternity leave, Sick leave, Personal days, Unemployment insurance payments for laid-off or terminated employees. †¢ Insurance benefits: workers’ compensation, health & disability insurance, mental health benefits and life insurance. †¢ Retirement benefits: pension plans, retirement benefits and survivor’s or death benefits. †¢ Services: personal services credit union and counseling services. Chapter: 4 Findings 4. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT of RCL Human Resource Management has come to be recognized as an inherent part of management, which is concerned with the human resources of an organization. Besides all other departments Royal Capital Limited also has a HR department. HR Manager is responsible person the planning the Human Resource Policy in the organization. The basic Organogram of the Human Resource Department of RCL is as f ollows |Manager (HR) | |Deputy Manager | |Assistant Manager | Senior Executive | |Executive | |Jr. Executive | The role of Human Resource department of RCL is as follows: ? Human resource planning, recruitment and selection. ? Making Human Resource Policy. ? Under taking training programs for skill development. ? Ethical issues and codes of conduct ? Maintain liaison with the administrative manager. ? Grievances handling of the employees. ? Keep proper security of the company assets. ? To arrange promotions for staffs. Maintain personal files & records of employees. ? Conducting motivational programs. ? Taking care of in-house cleanliness, health and safety. 1. Human Resource Planning Human resource planning is a process that identifies current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve its goals. Manpower planning is the process by which an organization can engage the right number of people for the right job at the right time. The manpower needs of RCL reviewed twice in a year. The responsibility of HR Planning is on HOD-HR. RCL follow the following steps for effective human resource planning:Step 1 Analysis of existing positions An analysis of all post done with respect to the requirement of those posts for the current and future functioning of the organization. They use trend analysis and ratio analysis for forecasting personnel needs. Step 2 Estimation of job vacancies The number of job vacancies which will occur in the coming year estimated considering the following matters: ? Promotions ? Demotions ? Separation due to Retirement, Resignation and/or Dismissal Creation of new position due to increased work load, i. e. Workload P = No. Of peopleStep 3 Taking stocks of the existing manpower skills Then a list is prepared of each employee which contains his/her name, educational qualification, experience in each trade/position, area of specialization, special award received, outstanding achievements etc. Step 4 Arriving at the net manpowe r requirements & initiating further activities The gross manpower requirements, assessed as per Step 2 compared with the availability of existing skills arrived at Step 3. The comparison leads to one of the following situations: All vacancies may be filled up by the redeployment of existing manpower.The redeployment can be done based on the skills identified in the Performance and Potential appraisals of every employee. The options before management are Promotions, Transfer, Retraining, Reallocation of work and Job Rotation. This will occur when it is found that there is surplus manpower in certain departments/sections/branches and deficit of similar skills in other departments/sections/branches. The decisions taken by the HOD-HR and the concerned HOD and the final approval of the MD. Deficit manpower skills: If in spite of redeployment of personnel, deficit of skills remain in the organization the action is recruitment.In case of surplus manpower, retrenchment action will be resort ed to after approval from the MD. Based on the above steps the HOD-HR prepares a detailed Manpower Plan for the coming year. A copy of the Manpower Plan forwarded to all the competent authority. It is the responsibility of HOD to get approval from MD. After getting the approval it is the Manpower Plan for the coming year. Then it is the responsibility of the HOD-HR to institute necessary subsequent actions based on the Manpower Plan i. e. Promotions, Transfers, Retraining, Job Rotation, Recruitment etc. fter carrying out the above Manpower Planning exercise if new positions need to be added, it need to get approval from the Board. 2. Recruitment and selection of employee Recruitment involves searching for and obtaining qualified job candidates in such numbers that the organization can select the most appropriate person to fill its job needs. In addition to filling job needs, the recruitment activity should be concerned with satisfying the needs of the job candidates. 1. Recruitment RCL have a standard recruitment procedure described as follows: [pic]Personnel requisition form contains detail the Job specification, Job responsibility and necessary qualification, experience, and skills required for the specific post. The HOD-HR sends the PRFs to the departmental heads as the number of the positions to be filled in that department. The departmental heads return the PRFs to the HOD-HR after filled up the forms. Based on the specifications in the PRF, the HR department will start the recruitment process. The recruitment process done through the following medium: †¢ Open Recruitment This involves recruitment through advertisements.The advertisement for required post will appear in major national and regional newspapers, business magazines or in different websites of job circulation. †¢ Deputation Some vacancies filled y recruiting employees on deputation. †¢ Receipt of resume The last date for receipt of resumes/applications will specified in the adve rtisements. Once the applications are received, they can screen out by the HOD-HR. then suitable candidates are sent interview letters by the HR department. The call for test/ interview sent only short listed candidates well in advance.The letter will inform the candidates’ date of test/ interview, venue of the test/ interview. HR department is responsible for making the test/ interview arrangement at the appointed date, time and place. This consist of an appropriate test and interview room, a waiting room, lunch and tea for candidates and selection committee members, arrangements for the reimbursement of the fare to candidates and to interview panel experts. 2. Selection RCL follow the standard selection procedure for selection of personnel: All the above steps are detailed below.Selection procedure for support staff such as Drivers, Office Assistants, etc. , For selection of support staff the following procedure shall be adopted: ? The Drivers and Office Assistants may be s elected from known and reliable sources after verifying the reliability of the applicant. ? The applicant must possess basic knowledge of office environment. ? The person selected shall be appointed on probation for a period of 12 months, which shall be reviewed and if needed can be further extended up to 12 months. ? The support staff shall be selected by Managing Director (MD) on the recommendation of board of directors. [pic]The persons who will constitute the selection committee depend upon the position for which the interview will be conducted. ? For MD : A subcommittee of the Board of Directors. ? For GM & DGM : MD and some other members of the Board of Directors. ? For HODs : The selection committee consists of the ED, GM, DGM, HOD-HR, and some experts may also be called from outside the organization to assess the candidate. The members of the Governing body can also be part of the selection committee. ? For other posts: The selection committee consists of the concerned HOD, and HOD-HR. The MD involves in recruitment of all employees.Final approval of all candidates lies with the MD. The MD and HOD-HR meet to form the selection committee. The HOD-HR informs the respective HOD of their role on the committee. An appropriate date for the interview/test is fixed with the consent of all and the selection committee informed of the same. HOD-HR is responsible for coordinating with the selection committee members. Various tests like the Language test, Performance test, Aptitude test, Intelligence test and Personality test is conducted, if required, depending upon their relevance and applicability for different positions.The Human Resource Department designs the above tests in consultation with the respective HODs and gets it approved by the MD. After the test, (if administered), the short listed candidates are interviewed by respective the selection committee. Irrespective of the position being filled, Interviews are conducted. Each members of the selection co mmittee fill up one approved rating form for each of the candidates. The selection committee meets, at the earliest, after all the interviews are over, to decide on the final candidates to be selected.The points scored in the tests and interviews tallied and the final decision for the selected candidate taken. The list is forwarded to the MD for approval. The MD returns the list to the head of the HR department to send the letter of offer. The letter of offer informs the candidate of his/ her selection. It contains details of the post, grade and scale of pay being offered to the candidate. It also contains any special terms and conditions of appointment. The letter also contains the proposed day and date of joining, intimation of the address of joining and how to get to the address.A copy of the letter send to the selected candidate duly signed indicating that he/ she will join on the appointed date and time. If certain terms are unacceptable to him/ her, then he/ she may inform acc ordingly so that negotiations may be conducted, if required. The letter of Offer duly signed by the selected candidate (after all negotiations are over, if required) will constitute the Letter of Acceptance. The objective of the appointment procedure is to ensure that the employee completes all formalities before he is given the formal appointment letter. The procedure for appointment will consist of the following steps: ? Joining reportThe prospective employee has to report to the HOD-HR on the appointed date. The HOD-HR then takes the employee through the appointment procedure. ? Check of Certificates The appointing authority checks the certificates of the prospective employee. These include his/her academic and other certificates as well as past experience certificates. These are cross checked with the information mentioned by the candidate in the application form. ? Check of age of candidate The appointing authority also check the age of the candidate through his/her school lea ving certificate and cross check it with the age mentioned in the application form. Medical tests The candidate will be asked to undergo a medical test consisting of blood test, chest X-ray, blood pressure, eye test. ? General check up The organization can either appoint a doctor on contract or it can approve a panel of doctors for the employees of the society. The prospective employee shall bring the above test reports with him/ her or the doctor can send them directly to the organization. ? References The prospective employee is asked to furnish names and address of three references who have known him/ her for more than two years.The HR department sends reference sheets to them and gets their responses on the person’s qualifications, abilities and other traits. ? Secrecy Bond The prospective employee also signs a bond of secrecy so that confidential information is not leaked out. ? Appointment Letter After all the above steps are completed the HOD-HR issues a formal Appoint ment letter to the selected candidate, duly signed by the MD. ? Employee Personal File As soon as an employee joins the organization, a personal file is opened on his/ her name. This file is kept confidential and maintained and is under the care of the HR department.The personal file will contain the following: †¢ Joining report †¢ Ratings of Test and/ or Interviews †¢ Photocopies of academic Qualification certificates †¢ Photocopies of past employment certificates †¢ A record of the date of birth or National ID card †¢ Medical test report at the time of appointment as well as any subsequent tests done. If any †¢ Comments of referees †¢ Copy of the secrecy bond †¢ All correspondence before joining including copies of the letter of Offer, Letter of Acceptance, and appointment Letter †¢ Emergency contact number and address 3. InductionInduction is the process of familiarizing a newcomer to the organization with the job, surroundings an d the organization itself. RCL use the following induction process for the new employee to familiarize the job and the organization to him/her: The procedure of induction consists of the following steps: ? Orientation of new Employee The HR department plans an induction program in consultation with the departments concerned for the newly induced employees based on experience and grade. ? Introduction to the Organization The new employee meets the HOD-HR.He explains the new employee organizations mission, objectives, culture and organizational structure. The HOD-HR also ensures that he/she gets a booklet that contains important rules/ terms of service and conditions of employment. ? Advice to various departments The HR department informs the relevant department heads of the appointment of new employee. This also includes the HOD-Finance and Accounts as well as the HOD of the concern department. ? Introduction to the employees of the organization This consist the three following group s of employees: †¢ The MD and GM/DGM and their immediate staff The concerned HOD and immediate superior †¢ The other employees ? Induction Training The HOD informs the employee his/her induction training schedule. ? Issue of identity Card and Visiting Cards A formal identity card with the employee’s name, number, photograph and signature issued. The HR department also arrange visiting card for the employee. ? Service book Proper record of different types of leaves, performance etc of employees of the RCL for sanctioning leave, leave encashment, annual increment and performance of individual employees maintained in the service book of the employee concerned. . Compensation management All the employees of RCL receive salary and allowances as per the rules framed by the governing body of RCL. The pay and allowances paid to the employees on the 1st date of the month following the month during which the service is performed. If the 1st day is holiday then the payment mad e on the afternoon of the last working day of the month for which payment is due. ? Increment Increment normally accrues on satisfactory of the completion of the calendar year. The increment is granted on satisfactory performance of the employee and the approval of the MD. Special pay Special pay may be granted for discharge of additional work, work of high quality or special nature. The grant of special pay requires the approval of the MD. ? Revision of salary structure The management of RCL conducts a salary structure revision once in a year. The responsibility of revising the salary structure for all grades lie within the management and the authority for approval lie with the Governing Body. [pic] Non-financial benefits of RCL that provided to its employees are as follows discussed: Pay for time not worked: ? Weekly HolidaysFriday and Saturday are weekly holidays unless otherwise specified. ? Leaves The organization provides leave to the employees to refresh themselves, celebrate festivals and have a vacation. The following types of leave are allowed: †¢ Annual Leave one day for every 18 days worked (Annual leave is based on the number of days worked by the employee and not given for the days during which the employee was on leave without pay) †¢ Casual leave 10 days in a calendar year. †¢ Sick leave 14 days in a year (Medical Certificate needs to be produced if leave is taken for three or more days) †¢ Maternity leave National & Festival Holidays organization observes the same National holidays and holidays on account of festivals and other holidays. ? Other benefits: †¢ Insurance RCL provide insurance benefits to its employees. †¢ TA/DA †¢ Dearness allowances †¢ Tour expenses †¢ Profitability sharing 5. Performance appraisal & management Performance and potential appraisal for employees of RCL is done quarterly in a year. The individual appraisal is done in Appraisal forms. The HR head send as many forms as the re are employees in each department and each branch, to the department heads and branch in charge.The department heads distribute the forms to all employees who would fill up the relevant columns along with their immediate supervisors within a week’s time. Then the departmental heads give their ratings and discuss the same with the respective employees and their immediate supervisors. After completing the forms sent to the HR department for completion. Individual performance Appraisal will be done at two levels: ? Initiating Authority: This would lie with the immediate superior of the appraisee. ? Accepting Authority: This would lie with the HODs /MD/Chairman as the case may be.The Initiating authority and Accepting authority at different levels in SIFPSA will be as follows: †¢ Performance Appraisal for the MD The initiating and accepting authority would lie with the Chairman of the Governing Body of RCL. †¢ Performance Appraisal for the GM The initiating authority would be the MD and the accepting authority would be the Chairman of the Governing Body of RCL. †¢ Performance Appraisal for Grade IX employees. GM shall be Initiating / Reviewing Authority and Managing Director shall be the Accepting Authority. Performance Appraisal for Grade I to VIII employees Initiating Authority shall be the Departmental Managers of the division concerned. Reviewing Authority shall be the GM and Accepting Authority shall be the Managing Director. Organization performance appraisal The MD, GM, and Heads of the departments will meet to discuss the performance of RCL as a whole. They will assess the achievements of the organization since the last appraisal, causes for delay/ non-achievements, corrective measures, and the tasks for the organization till the next appraisal. 6. Training and developmentTraining is the process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs. On the other hand Management development means any attempt to i mprove current or future management performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills. ? Procedure During the Performance and Potential Appraisal, the training needs of individuals and departments will be identified. The HR head prepare a list of training needs and categorize them into Technical, Managerial, and Behavioral. He/ She will also circulate the days and dates of the various training programs to be organized in the next one year.The training programs should ideally begin after the recruitment process is over so that new employees can also be trained along with the regular employees of the organization. Kinds of Training The various trainings that will be imparted are as follows: †¢ Training conducted by a society employee: This type of training is essentially conducted by an experienced employee of RCL. It is conducted when some skills are to be transferred to another person within the society or to train new employees. †¢ Training cond ucted by outside agencies:This training is conducted when new skills are to be imparted to the employees of the organization. The HR department identifies agencies and experts who can impart relevant training. The HR department also has to arrange the training conducted in the organization or outside it. ? Training Impact Assessment Thus training and development programs play an important part in the smooth and effective functioning of the organization. The impact of such programs on the functioning of the organization also assessed periodically. The responsibility of such assessment is of HOD-HR.The period of assessment is from one month to a year after the program has been conducted or on the spot assessment. Based on these assessments the organization decides to discontinue the particular program. It can also decide to change the trainer in order to improve the impact of such training. 6. Career planning & growth Career Planning is concerned with providing experiences that will e nable employees to develop their full potential. Procedure RCL designs avenues for career planning and growth of the employees and its compensation package such as to attract and keep the best managerial talent.Career planning and growth of the organization, take place through the following steps: [pic] †¢ Career Planning Performance and Potential Appraisal is an indication of the employee’s accomplishments and his/ her potential Training and its applications show how quickly he/ she is able to adapt to new roles and responsibilities. The employee have to take initiative in his/ her own career planning by setting targets for himself/ herself and suitably getting nominated for training in areas which he/ she needs to develop. Based on the above, management encourages career planning and growth for all the employees of RCL. Career Growth Career Growth depends upon the performance of the employee and the avenue open for him/ her in his/ her own or other departments due to e xit of superiors. If the employee needs special skills to occupy those positions, appropriate training arranged for him/ her. The Appraisal committee decides the promotion of the employee and indicates future avenues of growth. Promotion also takes place through transfer of employees from one department to the other or from one location of operation to another. The management consults the employee on whether such a promotion is acceptable to him/ her or not. Promotions: The HOD – HR prepares the following letters at the end of the Appraisal Committee deliberations: The above letters are approved by the MD and sent to the employee. 7. DIFFERENT TYPICAL HR FUNCTIONS OBSERVED IN RCL RCL authority provides opportunity to the students from different institutions, to take part in their internship program. This type of programs continues for 2- 3 months. As RCL is a giant organization in the area of capital market, there is ample opportunity for the students who engaged there for in ternship, to gather lots of practical experiences, which will be fruitful for their career.Another most comprehensive responsibility for the HR department of RCL. The executives of HR department in RCL are responsible to develop the personal files of different employees. For that they have to always keep close contract with every employee to collect their profile and to update their personal history, which are kept into a different format prescribed by the RCL authority. It’s a common responsibility for all the departmental heads of Royal Capital Limited to give daily briefing to their executives about the particular responsibility for the day.For example the Trade Manager of RCL It involves discussions- it means that is an act of communication and the general objective of counseling is to understand and/or decrease an employee’s emotional disorder. Counseling is involved in all aspects of the employer-employee relationship. 1. Analysis and gap between theory and pract ice After analyzing and comparing the literature with the functions and responsibilities of HR & Admin department of RCL it is found that RCL follows a well established HR policy to recruit and to guide its human resource.But there are some gap between the theory and practice which need addressed to make its human resources more competitive and achieve organizational goals. Chapter: 5 Recommendations & Conclusions 5. 1Key policy recommendations Develop a strategic HR function ? Review the configuration and staffing of the HR function to transform it into a strategic HR function. ? Develop a service improvement plan that reflects customer feedback and builds on the work started at the HR away day. ? Refocus the work of the HR team on the OD agenda and the refined HR strategy and implement an associated development program for HR staff.Review and develop the HR strategy ? The HR strategy should capture the ‘employer brand’ of RCL, and focus directly on achieving the visio n and developing the required culture. ? Communications/ employee engagement and workforce development planning should be key strands. ? Review core values and develop the new vision into a practical strategy and change program that all staff can understand. Align Training and Development to OD ? Create a separate training and development department for the employees. ? Refocus corporate training and development to ensure that core training eflects and reinforces the OD agenda. Performance management ? Performance standards should be defined in quantifiable and measureable terms which easily understood able to the employees of RCL. ? There should use the 360degree performance appraisal method to evaluate the performance of the employees. ? The employees should provide the feedback of performance appraisal so that they can improve their performance in future. 5. 2Conclusion Human resource management (HRM, HR) is the management of an organization's employees. An organization success i s fully depending on proper personnel management.As a result, the organization can ensure the productivity by ensuring the proper human resource management. They provide better service facility to their employees, which in turn give the timely production and necessary activities effectively and efficiently without any hazard. It means the proper service facility and sound-working condition remains the whole organization. The stock market of Bangladesh as of today consists of stock exchanges such of Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).In modern business world stock broker house plays a vital role for their client. This research report took an endeavor to identity the brokerage house human resource management practice and performance that took place within last decade with special emphasis on Royal Capital Ltd. Royal Capital Limited has a HR department with highly skilled professionals who are employed to achiev e organizational goals. The successes of an organization fully depend on its human capital. So it needs to provide proper guidelines, training and continuous developing with the changes in the business world to achieve the market share and rganizational goals. References 1. Organization’s web site. 2. HR manuals of Royal Capital Limited. 3. Dessler G. (2004), â€Å"Human Resource Management†, 11th edition, Prentice Hall. 4. Management, Heinz Weigh rich, Harold Koontz 10th edition. 5. A b c d Thomas N. Garavan, Pat Costine, and Noreen Heraty (1995). â€Å"Training and Development: Concepts, Attitudes, and Issues†. Training and Development in Ireland. Cengage Learning EMEA. pp. 1. ISBN 1872853927. 6. Derek Torrington, Laura Hall, and Stephen Taylor (2004). Human Resource Management. Pearson Education. pp. 363.ISBN 0273687131. 7. Web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 8. Storey, J. (1995). â€Å"New perspectives on human resource management†. New York: Rutledge. 9. Beatty, R. W Schneier, C. E (1997). â€Å"New Human Resources roles to impact organizational performance: From partners to players†. In D. Ulrich, M. R Losey & G. Lake (Eds), â€Å"Tomorrow’s HR Management: 48 Thought leaders call for change, pp. 69-83. 10. Public Sector and Management Act (May 9, 2001), â€Å"Advertising, Selection, Appointment, Transfer and Promotion†, Employment Instruction Number-1,from http://www. ocpe. nt. gov. u/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/9791/ei01. pdf[pic][pic] [pic][pic] ———————– Junior Executive Senior Executive Senior Executive Senior Executive Senior Executive Executive Junior Executive Executive Junior Executive Executive Junior Executive Executive Activities of RCL: ? Stock Broking ? Cash Account ? Margin Account ? Internet Trading Service (ITS) Real time trading facility in both DSE & CSE ? Xpress Settlement ? Any Branch Trading Facility ? Depository Service ? BO Account ? Demat Securities ? Pledge Functions of HRM: ? HR planning. ? Recruitment, selection & placement Training & development ? Performance Appraisal ? Transfer ? Remuneration ? Social security & welfare of employees. ? Setting general and specific management policy ? Collective bargaining, contract negotiation and grievance handling. ? Staffing the organization. ? Role Analysis for job occupants. ? Job Rotation. ? Quality Circle, Organization development and Quality of Working Life. ? Benefits: †¢ Health care insurance †¢ Life insurance †¢ Disability insurance †¢ Retirement †¢ Voluntary accidental death and dismemberment insurance †¢ Leave Transfer Program Tuition Assistance Plan †¢ Training opportunities Junior Executive Executive Senior Executive Junior Executive Executive Senior Executive Junior Executive Executive Senior Executive GM Assistant Manager Assistant Manager Assistant Manager Assistant Manager Deputy Manager Deputy Manager De puty Manager Deputy Manager Deputy Manager Deputy Manager Deputy Manager Chairman & Board of Directors Manager (HR) Manager (Compliance) Manager (C. C) Manager CDBL & Settlement) Manager (IT) Manager (Fin & Acc) Manager (Trade) Managing Director Assistant Manager Assistant Manager Assistant Manager