Anual General Meetings Essays

Anual General Meetings Essays Anual General Meetings Essay Anual General Meetings Essay The undertakings of the gathering/club will be constrained by a council including the Officers and (number) different individuals chose from, and by, the Members of the gathering/club. The notice from the AGM will given by the club secetery ahead of time with the goal that everyone will have a notification to join in. The AGM will have all the reports from officials from the managment commitee and statment of the evaluated acounts. All selections for official jobs will be sent to the secotory of the AGM so decisions will occur at the AGM. Anybody hwo is an individual from the gathering or club has the option to cast a ballot. The majority for AGMs will be (number-generally 25 percent of the enrollment). Inability to accomplish a majority will include the current Officers and General Committee staying in their posts until a majority is achieved at a resulting Annual General Meeting. The AGM has the option to assemble more conferences which are Extra-normal General Meetings. Its obligations include controlling the undertakings of the gathering/club, to keep exact records from the Treasurer, to settle on choices dependent on a gathering and club vote however the seat ought to have the need to choose if there is a tie vote. Control and appeals: If there are any objections against the club then they should be sent recorded as a hard copy to the secetory of the commitee. The managment commitee will meet to tune in to protests inside seven days after the grievance has been seen too. The commitee has the ability to make out any dissiplinary move, for example, end of participation. In regard to the individual who made the complait a reaction ought to be sent back. Its the managment of the commitee who will settle on a choice on what activity to do following quite a while of recieving it structure the secetory.In the occasion of a part being approached to leave his participation, no repayment of Annual enrollment charge will be thought of. Any playing part neglecting to prompt the Captain/Vice-Captain, following choice, of his failure to play, will be dependent upon suspension, at the watchfulness of the General Committee Dissolution: A goals to disintegrate the club must be passed at the AGM/EGM through a lion's share vote structure members. In the occasion of disintegration, any benefits of the club that remain will turn into the property of a govering body or a similer club concentrating on the equivalent objectives.Sportsmatch focuses on improving the cooperation bring about grass-roots and this is their fundamental attraction.It is a sponsership plot focused at fledgling/novice sport oversaw by the Institute of Sports sponcership and supported by the division for Culture, media and game through award aidby sports britain. Sponcership is a typical method of getting reserves. Be that as it may, think what number of individuals demand supports everywhere throughout the world and accordingly it has gotten serious. To get a decent arrangement we need to consider our methodology. Not all sponcers include finanial help. They can offer types of assistance, individual or items in return e.g.- football pack for a football team. Donations Never be frightened of outsiders! There mabye a lot of individuals who will give reserves. Ways we can build our odds of picking up gifts is by understanding the people or associations inspirations for giving to wearing and recreational associations. Grants There are heaps of awards available. First applications can be made to he National Governing body which goes under the unbrella of the WNU. It can give awards to your sports. You can apply to your nearby Local Authority which is Cardiff City Council. This is inside the neighborhood network, this is the primary wellspring of financing for offices, any offices privatly claimed, all territories are locally funded.The manager of the Local Authority offers awards to our nearby communitys.

Free Essays on Drama Paper

Show Paper The Play Andre’s Mother is a case of a loved ones managing a passing. Andre has passed on of AIDS, his mom, beau and boyfriend’s family (Andre’s mother, Cal-Andre’s sweetheart, Arthur-Cal’s Father and Penny Cal’s sister) are accumulated in focal park, they are discharging white inflatables as a symbolistic method of relinquishing Andre. Andre’s mother doesn't talk in the play, in spite of the fact that Cal addresses her finally about how he wishes Andre had revealed to her that he was gay, and how he feels that Andre was concealing his emotions to abstain from harming his mom and furthermore to evade her objection. He likewise talks about his sentiments of sharpness; he feels mad about Andre’s passing and towards Andre’s mother. I accept there are different purposes behind Andre’s mother’s quietness. Most importantly from my understanding she is among outsiders, from what I comprehend she didn't know about the way that her child was gay and had a sweetheart (or that he had AIDS) and along these lines never met Page 1 Cal or his family, she might be feeling defenseless and maybe bashful. She may likewise be in stun has her child only kicked the bucket as well as she has found significant things about his life; additionally she has been informed that he was fundamentally terrified to enlighten her regarding these close subtleties of his life, I accept that she might be feeling harmed by this reality. By Andre’s mother staying quiet all through the play it makes it hard for us to see how she is truly feeling about these disclosures and how she felt about her child by and large. It appears that Cal’s father had a closer relationship with Andre that his own mom did, Arthur even expresses that Andre helped him to comprehend his own child. It likewise appears that Andre’s mother’s quietness permits the different character’s to unreservedly communicate, however it seems weird to me that she didn't have anything to state all through or after Cal’s discourse towards the finish of the pla... Free Essays on Drama Paper Free Essays on Drama Paper Show Paper The Play Andre’s Mother is a case of a loved ones managing a demise. Andre has kicked the bucket of AIDS, his mom, beau and boyfriend’s family (Andre’s mother, Cal-Andre’s sweetheart, Arthur-Cal’s Father and Penny Cal’s sister) are assembled in focal park, they are discharging white inflatables as a symbolistic method of relinquishing Andre. Andre’s mother doesn't talk in the play, despite the fact that Cal addresses her finally about how he wishes Andre had disclosed to her that he was gay, and how he feels that Andre was concealing his sentiments to abstain from harming his mom and furthermore to keep away from her dissatisfaction. He additionally talks about his sentiments of sharpness; he feels mad about Andre’s demise and towards Andre’s mother. I accept there are numerous explanations behind Andre’s mother’s quiet. As a matter of first importance from my understanding she is among outsiders, from what I comprehend she didn't know about the way that her child was gay and had a beau (or that he had AIDS) and in this way never met Page 1 Cal or his family, she might be feeling helpless and maybe modest. She may likewise be in stun has her child only kicked the bucket as well as she has found significant things about his life; additionally she has been informed that he was fundamentally frightened to educate her regarding these private subtleties of his life, I accept that she might be feeling harmed by this reality. By Andre’s mother staying quiet all through the play it makes it hard for us to see how she is truly feeling about these disclosures and how she felt about her child by and large. It appears that Cal’s father had a closer relationship with Andre that his own mom did, Arthur even expresses that Andre helped him to comprehend his own child. It likewise appears that Andre’s mother’s quiet permits the different character’s to uninhibitedly communicate, however it seems peculiar to me that she didn't have anything to state all through or after Cal’s discourse towards the finish of the pla...

Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents

Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents Make Sense of Your Back-to-School Cents Make Sense of Your Back-to-School CentsBack-to-school season doesn’t have to mean your budget is out the window; take advantage of these helpful money-saving tips.For retailers everywhere, back-to-school season is marked with huge dollar signs. So much so, the National Retail Federation expects spending records to reach more than $80 billion in 2019, according to CNBC.CNBC also reports roughly 43% of parents have felt pressured to overspend during back-to-school shopping. But if maintaining your budget is the goal, there is no reason for that school supply list to totally annihilate your wallet.There are many ways to ensure a hassle free back-to-school season for your family. From preplanning to closet trimming, a little preparation can go a long way.Make a planJust like with grocery shopping, a little list-making can save you from a headache and wallet-ache. When it comes to school supply prep, The Krazy Coupon Lady recommends memorizing the stock-up prices at local stores ahead o f time (or at least jotting them down) so you can make the most of your supply savings. That way you know when to hold off or stock up on things your student might need down the road.The Krazy Coupon Lady has a whole list of prices that indicate it’s time to stock up here.Stick to cashSticking to cash is a way budgeters suggest to keep yourself from overspending because it takes a lot more prep than just swiping a card everywhere you go. The Budget Mom, Kumiko Love, is an all-cash spender. For Love, school supply purchases are something she plans for well in advance.“As an all-cash spender, one of the ways I prepare for back-to-school expenses is by saving early,” she said. “Every month, I set aside a small amount of money into a sinking fund, so when the time comes to get my son ready for a new school year, I have the cash available.”Love’s approach to back-to-school shopping is the same as how many prepare for holiday shopping. Squirreling away a little money at a time adds up quickly and can save the hassle of rebudgeting down the road.Search for savings  The Krazy Coupon Lady also suggests keeping an eye out for coupons both online and in print publications. She specifically advises to watch for coupons in magazines like Parenting, which offer a great selection as the new school year approaches.A few other recommendations via The Krazy Coupon Lady:Sunday newspaper coupons will have a few coupons for school supplies each week.In-store coupons are typically found on the shelves, near the store entrance, or inside of products.Printable coupons for school supplies become available while back-to-school season is in full swing, so warm up your printer!Stay on-listLaurie at The Passionate Penny Pincher suggests only purchasing the things your student will need for the first week until the teacher sends home a more specific list of needed items.“Ive purchased unnecessary school supplies way too many times to count, because I was following the generic supply list put out by the school district,” she said. “While this grade-specific supply list is generally what kids will need for school, its really a collection of items most teachers tend to put on their lists. For the real list of what your childs teachers want them to bring to school, wait until the first week of school when your kiddos will bring home a list that includes more specific items.”Take stock before hitting the storeBefore you head out to shop, take an inventory of what your student(s) have left from the previous school year. Did they use up all of those notebooks, folders, and pens? Is there anything that can weather another school year or at least the first semester? Chances are there are things that can have a second life.When it comes to reusing supplies, Love said, “I gather all of the office supplies, and my sons art supplies, and start grouping like items. If he has an open box of markers, I try to make a full set with other markers that are no longe r in a box. I check things off the list as I sort through the pile so I know exactly what I still need to buy.”A Forbes article advised the same approach as Love. Take stock of everything from clothes to school supplies to make sure you aren’t spending on things you already have on hand.“Im guilty of forgetting unopened packages of socks that got buried at the bottom of an overstuffed drawer,” wrote contributor Janet Berry-Johnson in her article. “Go through the clothing and supplies you have on hand and decide what can be reused this year.” Berry-Johnson went on to suggest donating anything you come across that isn’t needed. Then save the receipt for your 2019 taxes.Sell what you don’t needWith a new school year (and growing kiddos), you usually have a plethora of new clothes to replace the old. If you’ve got a closet full of clothes your student either can’t or won’t wear anymore, why not put their things to good use?Love suggests selling anything your studen t doesn’t need anymore, which is a fabulous way to recoup some of the money you’re spending on their new threads or supplies:“Do a full sweep of your kids closet prior to hitting the clothing store,” she said. “Bring in the clothes that don’t fit to get cash back or in-store credit to help with the cost of the new clothes.”Love also suggests having your kids help with this process to ease the burden of it: “My son loves to be involved in this process because he has a voice on what he wants to keep, what he likes to wear, and I can have him try on clothes throughout the process.”Once you’ve made out with the old and some room for the new, you can put your new back-to-school savings skills to use.For more tips on making the most of back-to-school savings and teaching your kids why they may not need all the newest and coolest back-to-school gear, check out these articles below:6 Genius Textbook Hacks Every Student Should KnowMore on How to Save Money on Back-to-Scho ol SuppliesFinancial Literacy for Kids

Pre-Employment Testing and Screening - 784 Words

The researcher will provide an analysis of why companies should conduct pre-employment testing and screenings. I. Introduction Today, with millions of Americans unemployed and in desperate search for a job, it is the duty of the human resource managers and recruitment specialists to decide which applicants will best fulfill the job positions. These recruitment specialists have a variety of techniques and methods to have the top candidates stand out from the rest of the applicants. One method developed to help speed up the hiring process and to have the best candidate be prominent, is the development of pre-employment tests and screenings. Pre-employment tests are used to screen job applicants and can include testing of cognitive†¦show more content†¦Pre-employment testing can benefit the employer by lower turnover rate, increased sales, and higher customer satisfaction. (Pre-Employment Testing: Whitepaper) II. The Problem While there can be remarkable benefits gained from using testing in the employee selection process, many corporations feel that pre-employment testing is an invaluable tool in the hiring process, especially when the pool of applicants comes in mass numbers as it will take up too much time testing each applicant. Some argue that there are legal issues that can arise if the tests are not valid, reliable, or are improperly implemented. Because employment tests are periodically challenged in courts, The Equal Employment Opportunity, EEOC, and the courts now have strict regulations in place to ensure that any testing is directly related to the position and non-discriminatory. (Quast). The courts are taking the position that the employer should make every effort to ensure that the employee selection process is a smooth and useful practice. Many employers have learned this the hard way. Without pre-employment tests and screenings, companies take the risk of putting an unfamiliar person in c ontact with the other employees, and also may give them responsibilities that may in turn harm the company. Companies today do not realize the beneficial factors that come with pre-employment testing and screenings. They feel as though they have a proper hiring plan and have a well enoughShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking Assignment : Recruitment Case Study913 Words   |  4 Pagesobtained qualified applicants; furthermore ensuring applicants are looked at equally according to employment laws. Affirmative Action Strategy Various factors could potentially affect not only the number of available applicants, but the quality as well. To ensure employment laws are adhered to, an affirmative strategy is strongly encouraged and would include Executive Order 10925 for Equal Employment Opportunity to include main strategies to protect minority groups, whether it is sex, race, religionRead MoreEthical Issues of Genetic Research Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesregardless of individual rights. The practice of genetic screening for profitable purposes illustrates this concept. Insurance companies are increasingly considering using genetic tests to assess the level of premiums that policy-holders must pay based on their genetic risks(Wheale McNally 254). Companies consider this practice appropriate and equate genetic testing with the current requirement of a familys medical history. Genetic testing, however, may lead to false assumptions and unfair premiumsRead MoreThe Impact Of Pre Employment Tests On Children And Public Settings863 Words   |  4 Pagesadopt UIT in order to cut costs of pre-employment test administration while reaching a more diverse pool of applicants. Many selection officials, however, continue to use proctored tests for preliminary screening of applicants. The reasons for some selection officials resistance to adopting UIT has yet to be researched. Perceptions of pre-employment tests Previous research has examined selection officials use and perceptions of various types of pre-employment tests used to measure a variety ofRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing Persuasive Speech1704 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment housing. Currently there is mass debate, in courtrooms across the U.S., regarding the legality and morality of pre-assistance drug testing. This report is intended to familiarize the reader with the history of welfare reform; the histories of drug testing in regards to assistance eligibility; and persuade the audience to vote yes for mandatory pre-assistance drug testing. b) Body b.i) History of Welfare (b.i.1) The first welfare programs originated with the Social Security Act of 1935Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual for employment based on certain criteria† (Employee Selection). Selecting employees that contribute well to the organization will help the organization succeed. Hiring the right person for the job is crucial. Before offering employment to anyone there are certain steps to take. The future employee of the company should have the right skills and job qualifications. â€Å"Good human resource management starts with hiring good employees† (HR Management). â€Å"Pre-employment screening is an essentialRead MoreEssay about Executive Chef Recruitment Plan840 Words   |  4 Pagesform. Pre-Employment Testing Pre-employment testing is a helpful way to determine whether or not a candidate is right for a job. Anyone being considered for an executive chef position should be prepared for drug testing and a detailed background screening, as these are important to ensure that the candidate can be trusted with money, safety, responsibility, and the management of others. Because the position involves money and inventory, as well as personnel management, pre-employment tests thatRead MoreEvaluating The Perceptions Selection Officials905 Words   |  4 Pagespractitioner s decision about whether or not to use a particular employment test, and suggests many of these factors may contribute to the choice of which test administration medium to use. Cost One potential factor contributing to choosing a particular administration technique is cost. The cost of an administration technique includes the implementation costs of obtaining the infrastructure (e.g. computers, test administrators, testing areas) needed to administer the test in a particular way, as wellRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients1526 Words   |  7 PagesBreez Arann Ms. Holiday English 12 11/04/15 Mandatory Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients When the United States’ welfare program was created during the Great Depression, it was meant to temporarily relieve the burdens of the one-fourth of American families who were unemployed, and struggling financially. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act in 1935, then amended it in 1939 to create programs to assist families with unemployment compensation, and to create government agenciesRead MoreWhat Medical Providers Can Do Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Medical Providers Can Do Follow practice guidelines for all patients Genetic testing, or a referral to a genetic counselor, is the standard of routine OBGYN care for women with an increased lifetime risk. As the Pap Smear has screening guidelines and indications, genetic testing must also adhere carefully to evidence-based recommendations. Providers should not endure referral bias. Rather, they should follow the recommendations brought forth by ACOG. Shared decision-making should be used; howeverRead MoreThe Virtual Tryout ( Snell, Morris, And Bohlander1255 Words   |  6 Pagesup to the employer to determine the next steps. One of the steps that a business establishment may introduce to an applicant is a virtual tryout (Snell, Morris, Bohlander, 2016). William Frierson explains, â€Å"The Virtual Job Tryout is a unique pre-employment test that allows those differences to surface in manner that helps recruiters quickly identify the best-fit candidates, and hire a workforce that delivers superior results.† (Frierson, 2012, para. 6). Essentially the virtual tryout is an electronic

Newspaper Article Assignment Julius Caesar - 859 Words

March 16th, 44 B.C.E Roman Republic Times Conspirators kill mighty Caeser Yesterday around noon, Rome witnessed the fall of a mighty leader named Julius Caesar. The conspirators involved in this murder were witnessed by the names of Cassius, Casca, Cinna, Trebonius, Ligarius, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber and Brutus. It was supposed to be an ordinary gathering like any other at the Capitol on March 15th, 44 B.C.E, but things ended up turning out very differently from what was normally expected. It started out with Caesar heading to the Senate house with all of the conspirators surrounding him. Caesar sees the soothsayer and blurts out with arrogance that the ides of March of have come and nothing bad has happened.†¦show more content†¦This attempt quickly failed when she said that his hubris just took over. â€Å"I knew that Caesar should have stayed away from the Senate house yesterday, but I guess his pride just took over his mind, it was just all too much,† Calpurnia sobbed. â€Å"This has turned out to be the most tragic moment in my life and I hope those conspirators kneel to the gods, for they have upset the heavens with the killing of the mightiest leader Rome has ever seen.† It wasn’t just Calpurnia that was upset, Mark Antony, a good friend of Caesar, was completely depressed and raging with anger at the same time. â€Å"Those worthless blocks of stones, how could their hearts be so dark to inflict pain on one of the most generous and good hearted people of Rome,† Mark Antony explains with tears in his eyes. â€Å"They shall suffer great consequences in the near future and only time will tell when their journey will also come to an end.† Some Romans on the other hand believed Caesar’s death was a gift from the gods and portrayed a sign of peace in Rome. â€Å"He deserved his death, he was becoming too conceited,† Cassius, a main conspirator in the murder, explains as he was walking on the streets yesterday evening. Brutus, the leader of the conspirators also felt the same way about Caesar’s death. â€Å"The Gods knew that it was time for Caesar to fall, everything happens for a goodShow MoreRelatedLiterature and South Africa6682 Words   |  27 PagesDECLARATION NAME: Ndumiso Ncube STUDENT NUMBER: 46302522 MODULE NUMBER: THL 2601 ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 02 I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where I have used source material, it is acknowledged in accordance with departmental requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the departmental policy on it. Signature: Ndumiso Ncube Date: 25 March 2013 CHECKLIST Please tick the appropriate (√) | | YES | NO | 1 | I acknowledged all source materialRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6676 Words   |  27 PagesTHL 2601 ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 02 I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where I have used source material, it is acknowledged in accordance with departmental requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the departmental policy on it. Signature: Ndumiso Ncube Date: 25 March 2013 CHECKLIST Please tick the appropriate (√) | | YES | NO | 1 | I acknowledged all source material (study guide, tutorial letter, internet, other sources) used in my assignment. | √ |Read MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pages2200 films. Obviously he did not do the art direction on all of those films, some of them he may have done no more than approve drawings. He did however have complete control over design decisions, the personnel of the department, the assignment of tasks, and the attribution of credit. In the autocratic system that prevailed at MGM Gibbons had complete control. According to the director, Pandro S. Berman, He was the most influential person on the lot except for the ownersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesmake a logical decision, that is, a rational decision. 3. During the rest of the school term, create a journal of pieces of reasoning. Collect examples of reasoning that you find in your own experience. Sources might be web pages, newspaper or TV ads, magazine articles, conversations, books, and so on. Cut out, photocopy, or write up each example on a regular-size page (8.5 x 11 inches). Below each example (or on an accompanying page) identify where the reasoning came from, including page numberRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthought and practice over the course of more than four decades is Michael Bromwich. Bromwich, who is about to retire as CIMA Professor of Accounting and Financial Management at London School of Economics (LSE), has published over eighty papers and articles and some Wfteen books and monographs. His primary contribution as a scholar has been his ability to apply economic theory to problems of accounting practice, thereby informing our understanding of the Weld. He wrote The Economics of Capital Budgeting

Proper Role of Government Free Essays

Describe the government and domestic environment of the country where your company is headquartered, then describe the international environment. Outline what organizations you may be associated with. (Example; WTO, OPEC, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Proper Role of Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Examine the 1st  country of International growth you outlined in your 10 year vision. Why did you strategically select that country? In what ways will your company contribute to the foreign country’s economic development? Are there any political concerns associated with expansion into this country? Why or why not? How do you plan to develop a good working relationship with the foreign country? Government Regulation on Media in America iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/government-regulation-on-media-in-america/embed/#?secret=ApVRFHEcaK" data-secret="ApVRFHEcaK" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Government Regulation on Media in America#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Put together a SWOT analysis for your company. (This is considered an exhibit) Put together a PEST Analysis (exhibit) for the country you identified as the country into which your initial global expansion will take place. While maintaining its relationship with the United States, Japan has diversified and expanded ties with other nations. Having good relations with its neighbors can be a vital interest. Japan extended significant economic assistance to the Chinese in various modernization projects and supported Chinese membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). AIG† Japan contains in depth information and data about the company and its operations. The company contains an overview, business description, financial ratios, SWOT analysis, key competitors, key facts, key employees, locations and branches as well as information on products and services. The SWOT analysis the company profile can be crucial for the industry executives and anyone looking to gain a better understa nding of the company’s business. So, the SWOT Analysis utilizes a wide range of primary and secondary sources. As learned from reading the chapters and from the PowerPoint slides, SWOT is an abbreviation for the internal Strengths and Weaknesses of a firm and the environmental Opportunities and Treats facing that firm. SWOT analysis is a widely used technique through which managers create a quick overview of a company’s strategic situation. The technique is based on the traditions that an effective strategy derives from a sound â€Å"fit† between a firm’s internal resources (strengths and weaknesses) and its external situation (opportunities and treats). A good fit maximizes a firm’s strengths and opportunities and minimizes its weaknesses and threats. Accurately applied, this simple assumption has powerful implications for the design of successful strategy. AIG (American International Group) is one of the world’s leading insurance and financial services organizations, with operations in more than 130 countries. With a market capitalization of like $200 billion, AIG is like in the top ten most company in the world. AIG’s subsidiaries are leading providers of retirement services, financial services and asset management around the world. The group was the second largest insurance group in the world after China Life Insurance. SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Location| Types of Factor| | Favorable| Unfavorable| Internal| Strength * Global leading provider of financial services * Expanding global reach * Diversified product portfolio and new product development * Corporate advertising and brand building sponsorships| Weaknesses * US residential mortgage market exposure * History of regulatory investigations * Declining cost efficiencies | External | Opportunities * Acquisitions * Growth in asset management industry| Threats * US recession and volatility in financial markets * Industry consolidation| Japan has faced a number of external challenges over the long term, most of which relate to the rising importance of China and the associated threat to Japan’s pre-eminent political and economic position in the Asia region. The country’s long-term outlook is also strongly influenced by its demographics. Current trends indicate that the rate of decline in the working-age population will outpace that in the population as a whole. On the positive side, in 2021-30 Japan will see an increase in its rate of GDP growth per head to 1. 7% a year, from around 1% a year in the first two decades of the century. Productivity growth will also accelerate in the latter part of the long-term forecast period. The environment has some current issues with the air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life. Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber. | 2012-20| 2021-30| 2012-30| Growth and productivity (% change; annual av)| Growth of real GDP per head| 1. 5| 1. 7| 1. 6| Growth of real GDP| 1. 0| 1. 0| 1. 0| Labour productivity growth| 1. 9| 1. 8| 1. 8| How to cite Proper Role of Government, Papers

Price Discrimination in Health Care Essay Example

Price Discrimination in Health Care Paper Abstract The price of health care can vary dramatically depending on insurance coverage, and whether the care received was in network, out of network, government funded, or self-pay (Miller, 2012). Price discrimination is used by many industries such as airlines, hotels, and grocery stores with rewards for frequent users, or higher price for convenience or last minute reservations (Tiemstra, 2006). However, efficiency and fairness demand that new ways should be found to avoid price discrimination in health care in order to ensure patients equal access to care and economic justice. Uninsured or self-pay patients should not be charged rates significantly higher than those with Medicare, Medicaid, or insurance. Prices for health care should also be more transparent to allow patients to accurately shop for best prices and values in health care. Imagine a system in which you go to the grocery store and are told that the price you must pay for your groceries is dependent on whether you have a job, and if you have a job the price is dependent on where you work. If you are work for a certain employer the price you will pay is near wholesale, for another retail, another twenty to thirty percent more, and if self-employed or unemployed you must pay a price three to four times higher for these groceries. Unfortunately this is the way our current health system works. Most hospitals charge those without insurance three to four times the price of that paid by those with insurance or government coverage such as Medicare or Medicaid. New ways should be found to avoid price discrimination in health care in order to ensure patients equal access to care and economic justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Discrimination in Health Care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Price Discrimination in Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Price Discrimination in Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Uninsured or self-pay patients should not be charged rates significantly higher than those with Medicare, Medicaid, or insurance. Prices for health care should also be more transparent to allow patients to accurately shop for best prices and values in health care. Price discrimination Price discrimination is the practice of charging different customers different prices for the same product or service. While price discrimination is not necessarily unethical, the price should have commensurate value for the price charged. If this condition is met price discrimination is not necessarily wrong. It can be considered ethical for one to be given a better deal than another. However, if it is used to take advantage of those with a special need or the ignorance of customers it may be unethical. Under the Robinson-Patman Act 1936 it is unlawful when it substantially lessons competition or tends to create a monopoly. This has been cited in numerous lawsuits against hospitals and HMO’s. Because an uninsured person has limited resources to contest hospital rates class action attorneys have tried to obtain class action status for clients with limited success (Anderson, 2007). Many industries and firms utilize price discrimination because it can have a huge impact on company profits. It is much easier today because of improvements in technology to separate patients by demographic information to maximize the amount they are willing or able to pay (Elegido, 2009). Price discrimination is an attempt to get each consumer to pay for the product the highest price he is willing to pay. Price discrimination is common in industries that have high fixed costs and low marginal costs. Setting prices at the level of marginal costs would make it difficult to recover original investment costs. In order for price discrimination to occur there are several conditions that must exist. The producer must have information about what the maximum price of each group of consumers are or have reliable indicators of such. This information is obtained through prices for services set by government diagnosis related groupings for payment that set a near minimum price. The hospital then establishes a charge-master file that is several times more for each item. This may be updated several times a year and is not published for the public. There must not be significant competition from rival firms. For many consumers there are not multiple options for hospital care resulting in limited competition that might lesson cost. Arbitrage must not be possible. The buyer cannot resell the product for a higher price to others (Elegido, 2009). The uninsured or self-pay patient In a study published as a Web Exclusive by the journal Health Affairs, it was determined that approximately half of U. S. bankruptcies, were reportedly attributable to illness or medical bills (Anderson, 2007). It is estimated that three-fourths of these individuals were covered by insurance when they got sick. However, skimpier policies, rising health care costs, and the cancellation of coverage when illness results in job loss have increased the financial risk for those with insurance as well as the uninsured. When patients lose their insurance due to inability to work they become vulnerable to higher self-pay prices. While there are many uninsured that are unable or won’t pay their bills, hospitals pursue those that don’t pay with aggressive collections activities. Price discrimination in health care Hospitals do not charge every patient the same price. Uninsured and self-pay patients are often charged two and one half to four times as much for the same care as those covered by insurance or government plans such as Medicare or Medicaid. This gap has grown substantially since the mid 1980’s (Anderson, 2007). Patients that are uninsured or self-pay are often presented with bills that reflect full charges derived from the hospital’s charge-master file. There are five categories of patients that routinely receive undiscounted bills based on charge-master files created by each hospital. These include those that are international visitors, those that are uninsured, people covered by automobile insurers, people covered by workman’s compensation plans, and those covered by health plans that are lacking contracts with the hospital such as individuals that utilize health care savings accounts or are out of network. Equals should be treated equally in order to satisfy justice and should appropriately balance the gains of trade between buyer and seller with neither side having disproportionate power over the other (Tiemstra, 2006). If prices are directly related to costs and equal for all, the allocation of resources will be more efficient. The ratio of charges to costs measures the relationship between actual charges for services and Medicare allowable charges. In 2004 this ratio for U. S. hospitals was 3. 7 meaning that for every $100 in Medicare charges the average charge was $307. There is considerable variation in hospital charges depending on the type of hospital and the setting, rural or urban. The gross to net revenues overall averaged 2. 57 meaning that collected from all payers, for each $100 collected the initial charge was $257. Since 1984 the charge to cost ratio has increased from 1. 35 to 3. 07 and the gross to net revenues from 1. 25 to 2. 57 in 2004 (Anderson, 2007). Hospital charges have increased faster than costs. Increased charges have not been shown to significantly increase revenues however because as charges rise insurers negotiate for larger discounts and only self-pay patients are expected to pay these higher charges (Anderson, 2007). In Pennsylvania, hospitals collect only about one fourth of what they charge. These discounts are reflected on explanation of benefits forms from insurers. The only ones expected to pay the full charges are often those least able to pay them (Miller, 2012). There is evidence that discounts and price discrimination are making health care less affordable because fixed prices, discounts, and variable reimbursement systems distort normal marketplace competition. Patients and business are the losers as hospitals and health plans try to get bigger to â€Å"win† price negotiation. Insurance is discounted from the standard billed charge, Medicare and Medicaid pay flat rates and those without medical insurance pay the highest charges. When money spent is from somewhere else such as insurance or government coverage there is no incentive for hospitals or patients to control costs and may result in unnecessary medical costs for unneeded tests and procedures when insurance deductibles are met (Lilly, 2011). Cost shifting Cost shift policies in hospitals have resulted in shifting of costs to private patients due to inadequate payments from state and federal government plans such as Medicare and Medicaid. Cost shifting is also use to cover bad debts of unpaid hospital bills. Cost shifting acts like a tax on the costs of private pay patients. The burden of cost shifting falls on non-Medicare and non-Medicaid households in proportion to the sum of their out of pocket expenses and hospital premiums. The government does not assume costs of serving people that are ineligible for government programs but that are unable to pay their bills. They also do not cover common costs for research and teaching. Private pay patients subsidize public program beneficiaries through cost shifting. Because Medicare and Medicaid patients utilize socially valuable resources these costs must be borne by society. These costs may be covered implicitly through cost shifting by price discrimination or explicitly when government taxes are used to finance the full cost (Meyer Johnson, 1983). Hospitals obtain what revenues they can from insurers and those over whom they have little control such as Medicare and Medicaid. They then demand as much as possible from those over whom they have the most leverage. Over fifty percent of health care costs are paid by state and federal governments. This system results in lower incentives to be more efficient and contain costs. Charges for self-pay and uninsured patients are inflated to compensate for discounts given to insurers and low reimbursement rates of Medicare and Medicaid. Public program beneficiaries are subsidized by private pay patients (Lilly, 2011). Recommendations The commercial health industry has called for equitable payment rules for all patients including mandatory rate setting or doing away with rates by diagnosis and cost shifting in favor of transparency and the same rate no matter the payer source. One regulatory approach might be to have the government regulate prices so hospitals cannot charge more based on their type of insurance coverage. Maryland has done this and their hospital costs are lower than other states. However the regulation of prices removes incentives for hospitals to look for innovations to deliver care in a more cost effective way. Another option would be to establish maximum rates that can be charged to all payers for medical care. This may be set by the hospital voluntarily, be set by legislation, or have the rate determined by courts. A single rate would also decrease administrative and collection costs associated with multiple charge rates by payer type. Price transparency has been suggested as a tool to allow patients to comparison shop. Hospitals may increase transparency by limiting the price that can be charged above the Medicare rate. Hospitals could advertise their charge as being a certain percentage above the Medicare rate for comparison. Another approach would be systemic changes that let hospitals charge patients any price but all must be charged the same and prices must be made public. Instead of being restricted to in-network providers, patients could go anywhere but be able to make choices based on quality of care and pricing. Greater transparency in pricing and an ability to make informed decisions based on quality of care and price may allow patients to choose those hospitals that give quality care at lower costs. Transparency in pricing would encourage people to economize on the use of routine health services. These changes would make consumers more aware of and accountable for health decisions based on choice, limits, and patient responsibility (Miller, 2012). Health care reform is necessary and decreasing the use of price discrimination in health care pricing is just one component of those needed. Though the Affordable Care Act 2010 may increase the number of patients with insurance there still will be those that are uninsured. Price discrimination in health care should not be allowed. No patient should be charged more than another for the same service based solely on their payer source. References Anderson, G. F. (n. d. ). From soak the rich to soak the poor: Recent trends in hospital pricing. Health Affairs, 26(3), 780-789. Elegido, J. (2009). The ethics of price discrimination. In 2009 BEN-Africa Annual Conference (pp. 1-19). Accra, Ghana: GIMPA. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from http://www. benafrica. org/downloads/Elegido,%20Juan. pdf Geyman, M. D. , J. , Fegan M. D. , C. , Skala, N. (2005, February 2). Bankruptcy Study Highlights Need For National Health Insurance. Http://www. pnhp. org/facts/bankruptcy_study. php. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from http://www. pnhp. org/news/2005/february/bankruptcy_study_hig. php Lilly, J. (2011, June 16). Medicare reform; Its the price-fixing, stupid. Www. Americanthinker. com. Retrieved April 7, 2012, from www. americanthinker. com/articles Meyer, J. A. , Bruce, W. R. (1983). Cost shifting in health care: An economic analysis. Health Affairs, 2(2), 20-35. Miller, H. D. (2012, March 04). Price discrimination in health care. : Price Discrimination in Health Care. Retrieved May 04, 2012, from http://www. pittsburghfuture. blogspot. com/2012/03/price-discrimination-in-health-care. html